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Movement Disorders : Official Journal... Sep 2016The aim of this study was to evaluate odor identification testing as a quick, cheap, and reliable tool to identify PD. (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
The aim of this study was to evaluate odor identification testing as a quick, cheap, and reliable tool to identify PD.
METHODS
Odor identification with the 16-item Sniffin' Sticks test (SS-16) was assessed in a total of 646 PD patients and 606 controls from three European centers (A, B, and C), as well as 75 patients with atypical parkinsonism or essential tremor and in a prospective cohort of 24 patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (center A). Reduced odor sets most discriminative for PD were determined in a discovery cohort derived from a random split of PD patients and controls from center A using L1-regularized logistic regression. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed in the rest of the patients/controls as validation cohorts.
RESULTS
Olfactory performance was lower in PD patients compared with controls and non-PD patients in all cohorts (each P < 0.001). Both the full SS-16 and a subscore of the top eight discriminating odors (SS-8) were associated with an excellent discrimination of PD from controls (areas under the curve ≥0.90; sensitivities ≥83.3%; specificities ≥82.0%) and from non-PD patients (areas under the curve ≥0.91; sensitivities ≥84.1%; specificities ≥84.0%) in all cohorts. This remained unchanged when patients with >3 years of disease duration were excluded from analysis. All 8 incident PD cases among patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder were predicted with the SS-16 and the SS-8 (sensitivity, 100%; positive predictive value, 61.5%).
CONCLUSIONS
Odor identification testing provides excellent diagnostic accuracy in the distinction of PD patients from controls and diagnostic mimics. A reduced set of eight odors could be used as a quick tool in the workup of patients presenting with parkinsonism and for PD risk indication. © 2016 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Diagnosis, Differential; Essential Tremor; Humans; Middle Aged; Olfactory Perception; Parkinson Disease; Parkinsonian Disorders; Perceptual Disorders; REM Sleep Behavior Disorder; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 27159493
DOI: 10.1002/mds.26637 -
Journal of Neuropsychology Jun 2022In this issue of the Journal of Neuropsychology, Abe and Ishiai (2022) report an experiment designed to probe the subjective experience of line bisection in neglect. A...
In this issue of the Journal of Neuropsychology, Abe and Ishiai (2022) report an experiment designed to probe the subjective experience of line bisection in neglect. A re-analysis of their data can also offer insights into how best to characterise neglect performance for this and other tasks. We show that sensitive measures of neglect can be obtained by quantifying the difference in the influence (or 'weighting') that each endpoint has on the response. The right endpoint is dramatically more influential than the left in people with neglect performing line bisection and endpoint reproduction tasks. This supports the view that neglect may limit the ability to simultaneously represent two locations, so that the response is determined primarily with respect to the right endpoint. We also discuss Abe and Ishiai's conclusion that bisection responses in neglect are accompanied by the subjective experience of a complete line extending equally to either side of the chosen midpoint.
Topics: Functional Laterality; Humans; Perceptual Disorders; Space Perception
PubMed: 35507737
DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12278 -
Journal of the International... Nov 2022The aim of this systematic review was to identify the presence and nature of relationships between specific forms of aprosodia (i.e., expressive and receptive emotional... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this systematic review was to identify the presence and nature of relationships between specific forms of aprosodia (i.e., expressive and receptive emotional and linguistic prosodic deficits) and other cognitive-communication deficits and disorders in individuals with right hemisphere damage (RHD) due to stroke.
METHODS
One hundred and ninety articles from 1970 to February 2020 investigating receptive and expressive prosody in patients with relatively focal right hemisphere brain damage were identified via database searches.
RESULTS
Fourteen articles were identified that met inclusion criteria, passed quality reviews, and included sufficient information about prosody and potential co-occurring deficits. Twelve articles investigated receptive emotional aprosodia, and two articles investigated receptive linguistic aprosodia. Across the included studies, receptive emotional prosody was not systematically associated with hemispatial neglect, but did co-occur with deficits in emotional facial recognition, interpersonal interactions, or emotional semantics. Receptive linguistic processing was reported to co-occur with amusia and hemispatial neglect. No studies were found that investigated the co-occurrence of expressive emotional or linguistic prosodic deficits with other cognitive-communication impairments.
CONCLUSIONS
This systematic review revealed significant gaps in the research literature regarding the co-occurrence of common right hemisphere disorders with prosodic deficits. More rigorous empirical inquiry is required to identify specific patient profiles based on clusters of deficits associated with right hemisphere stroke. Future research may determine whether the co-occurrences identified are due to shared cognitive-linguistic processes, and may inform the development of evidence-based assessment and treatment recommendations for individuals with cognitive-communication deficits subsequent to RHD.
Topics: Humans; Speech Disorders; Emotions; Linguistics; Stroke; Perceptual Disorders
PubMed: 34989666
DOI: 10.1017/S1355617721001302 -
Cortex; a Journal Devoted To the Study... Dec 2021Synesthesia occurs more commonly in individuals fulfilling criteria for an autism spectrum diagnosis than in the general population. It is associated with autistic...
Synesthesia occurs more commonly in individuals fulfilling criteria for an autism spectrum diagnosis than in the general population. It is associated with autistic traits and autism-related perceptual processing characteristics, including a more detail-focused attentional style and altered sensory sensitivity. In addition, these characteristics correlate with the degree of grapheme-color synesthesia (consistency of grapheme-color associations) in non-synesthetes. We investigated a predominantly non-synesthetic twin sample, including individuals fulfilling criteria for an autism spectrum diagnosis or other neurodevelopmental disorders (n = 65, 14-34 years, 60% female). We modelled linear relationships between the degree of grapheme-color synesthesia and autistic traits, sensory sensitivity, and visual perception, both within-twin pairs (22 pairs) where all factors shared by twins are implicitly controlled (including 50-100% genetics), and across the entire cohort. We found that the degree of grapheme-color synesthesia was associated with autistic traits within the domain of Attention to Details and with sensory hyper-, but not hypo-sensitivity. These associations were stronger within-twin pairs than across the sample. Further, twins with a higher degree of grapheme-color synesthesia were better than their co-twins at identifying fragmented images (Fragmented Pictures Test). This is the first twin study on the association between synesthesia and autism-related perceptual features and traits. The results suggest that investigating these associations within-twin pairs, implicitly adjusting for potential confounding factors shared by twins, is more sensitive than doing so in non-related individuals. Consistent with previous findings, the results suggest an association between the degree of grapheme-color synesthesia and autism-related perceptual features, while utilizing a different measure for sensory sensitivity. The novel finding of enhanced fragmented picture integration in twins with a higher degree of grapheme-color synesthesia challenges the view of a generally more detail-focused attentional style in synesthesia and might be related to enhanced memory or mental imagery in more synesthetic individuals.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Autistic Disorder; Color Perception; Female; Humans; Male; Perceptual Disorders; Synesthesia; Visual Perception; Young Adult
PubMed: 34763130
DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.09.016 -
Schizophrenia Bulletin Mar 2015Schizotypy refers to a set of personality traits thought to reflect the subclinical expression of the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia. Here, we review the cognitive... (Review)
Review
Schizotypy refers to a set of personality traits thought to reflect the subclinical expression of the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia. Here, we review the cognitive and brain functional profile associated with high questionnaire scores in schizotypy. We discuss empirical evidence from the domains of perception, attention, memory, imagery and representation, language, and motor control. Perceptual deficits occur early and across various modalities. While the neural mechanisms underlying visual impairments may be linked to magnocellular dysfunction, further effects may be seen downstream in higher cognitive functions. Cognitive deficits are observed in inhibitory control, selective and sustained attention, incidental learning, and memory. In concordance with the cognitive nature of many of the aberrations of schizotypy, higher levels of schizotypy are associated with enhanced vividness and better performance on tasks of mental rotation. Language deficits seem most pronounced in higher-level processes. Finally, higher levels of schizotypy are associated with reduced performance on oculomotor tasks, resembling the impairments seen in schizophrenia. Some of these deficits are accompanied by reduced brain activation, akin to the pattern of hypoactivations in schizophrenia spectrum individuals. We conclude that schizotypy is a construct with apparent phenomenological overlap with schizophrenia and stable interindividual differences that covary with performance on a wide range of perceptual, cognitive, and motor tasks known to be impaired in schizophrenia. The importance of these findings lies not only in providing a fine-grained neurocognitive characterization of a personality constellation known to be associated with real-life impairments, but also in generating hypotheses concerning the aetiology of schizophrenia.
Topics: Brain; Cognition Disorders; Executive Function; Humans; Perceptual Disorders; Psychomotor Performance; Schizotypal Personality Disorder
PubMed: 25810056
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu190 -
Neuropsychology Review Dec 2018A review of patients with brain injury showing personal neglect is presented. The aim is to shed light on this aspect of neglect often unresearched or only indirectly...
A review of patients with brain injury showing personal neglect is presented. The aim is to shed light on this aspect of neglect often unresearched or only indirectly investigated, and to discuss recent findings concerning the methods used to assess personal neglect, its neural correlates and its association with the more often explored aspect of extrapersonal neglect. The review was performed using PubMed and PsychInfo databases to search for papers published in the last 123 years (until January 2018). We reviewed 81 papers describing either single or group studies for a total of 2247 patients. The results of this review showed that various aspects of personal neglect are still controversial and outcomes potentially contradictory. Despite the data reported in the present review suggest that personal neglect is more frequently associated with lesions of the right hemisphere, the left hemisphere may also play an important role. Not surprisingly, personal neglect and extrapersonal neglect seem to co-occur. However double dissociations of these two forms of neglect have been reported, and they seem to dissociate both from a functional and an anatomical perspective. More recent interpretations of personal neglect suggest that it may result from a disrupted body representation. The development of reliable psychometric tools with shared diagnostic criteria is essential to identify different degrees of personal neglect for different body parts and to better refine personal neglect in comparison to extrapersonal neglect and disorders related to distortions of personal domain.
Topics: Brain Injuries; Humans; Perceptual Disorders; Stroke
PubMed: 30547412
DOI: 10.1007/s11065-018-9394-4 -
Current Opinion in Neurology Dec 2014Stroke rehabilitation needs to take major steps forward to reduce functional disability for survivors. In this article, we suggest that spatial retraining might greatly... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Stroke rehabilitation needs to take major steps forward to reduce functional disability for survivors. In this article, we suggest that spatial retraining might greatly increase the efficiency and efficacy of motor rehabilitation, directly addressing the burden and cost of paralysis after stroke.
RECENT FINDINGS
Combining motor and cognitive treatment may be practical, as well as addressing the needs after moderate-to-severe stroke. Spatial neglect could suppress motor recovery and reduce motor learning, even when patients receive appropriate rehabilitation to build strength, dexterity, and endurance. Spatial neglect rehabilitation acts to promote motor as well as visual-perceptual recovery. These findings, and the previous underemphasized studies, make a strong case for combining spatial neglect treatment with traditional exercise training. Spatial neglect therapies might also provide motor stimulation if people cannot participate in intensive movement therapies because of limited strength and endurance after stroke.
SUMMARY
Spatial retraining, currently used selectively after right-brain stroke, may be broadly useful after stroke to promote rapid motor recovery.
Topics: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Disability Evaluation; Humans; Motor Activity; Perceptual Disorders; Recovery of Function; Stroke; Stroke Rehabilitation
PubMed: 25364954
DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000148 -
Balkan Medical Journal Sep 2018The etiology and the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms of autism spectrum disorders are still largely unknown. This article provides a comprehensive review of the... (Review)
Review
The etiology and the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms of autism spectrum disorders are still largely unknown. This article provides a comprehensive review of the studies that are relevant to autism spectrum disorders and central auditory processing disorders and also discusses the relationship between autism spectrum disorders and central auditory processing disorders in the light of recent studies on this subject, which may provide new pathways in a therapeutic perspective. Several studies confirm that most of the individuals with an autism spectrum disorder have some degree of sensory dysfunction related to disorders of processing auditory, visual, vestibular, and/or tactile stimuli. Among these studies, some have addressed central auditory processing disorders. There is an increasing amount of effort for studies regarding the link between autism spectrum disorders and central auditory processing disorders. Most of the studies investigating central auditory processing disorders in patients with autism spectrum disorders have used electrophysiological measurements such as mismatch negativity and P300 event-related potentials. In addition to these, several studies have reported deterioration in speech perception and expression in patients with autism spectrum disorders, which may also be related to central auditory processing disorders in this unique group of individuals.
Topics: Auditory Perceptual Disorders; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Event-Related Potentials, P300; Humans
PubMed: 29952312
DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.2018.0853 -
JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan... Apr 2022Hemi-spatial neglect (HSN) is a debilitating post stroke cognitive deficit resulting in reduced attention to stimuli presented in the contra-lateral hemi-visual field....
Hemi-spatial neglect (HSN) is a debilitating post stroke cognitive deficit resulting in reduced attention to stimuli presented in the contra-lateral hemi-visual field. It adversely impacts patient's medical recovery, activities of daily living and quality of life. Early referral to Rehabilitation Medicine specialist for thorough evaluation, prompt recognition of functional impairments and formulation of a comprehensive rehabilitation plan unique to patient is important. It is part of the comprehensive and holistic management of stroke patients with HSN. We summarize the current management strategies used for post-stroke HSN rehabilitation with the options including non-invasive brain stimulation, visuomotor feedback training, robotic rehabilitation and trans-dermal nicotine patch.
Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Humans; Perceptual Disorders; Quality of Life; Stroke; Stroke Rehabilitation
PubMed: 35614624
DOI: 10.47391/JPMA.22-32 -
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Oct 2019Subthreshold perceptual abnormalities are commonly used to identify individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for developing a psychotic disorder. Predictive validity for...
OBJECTIVE
Subthreshold perceptual abnormalities are commonly used to identify individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for developing a psychotic disorder. Predictive validity for modality-specific perceptual abnormality severity on psychosis risk is unknown.
METHODS
We examined prospectively collected data from 164 individuals age 12-35 meeting criteria for CHR followed for 6-24 months or until conversion to psychosis. Using intake interview notes, baseline perceptual abnormality scores were split into auditory, visual, somatic/tactile, and olfactory/gustatory components, and auditory scores were further split into those for verbal vs non-verbal content. Relationships between perceptual abnormality characteristics and conversion were assessed with Cox proportional hazards regression and logistic regression.
RESULTS
Unusual thought content and paranoia were predictive of conversion, but no modality-specific perceptual abnormality score predicted conversion status or days to conversion. However, when auditory perceptual abnormalities were further categorized as verbal vs non-verbal, the severity of verbal experiences was predictive of conversion to psychosis (P = 0.007).
CONCLUSIONS
Perceptual abnormality scores failed to meaningfully predict conversion to psychosis in either direction in this CHR sample. However, verbal auditory experiences may identify a group of CHR individuals at elevated risk of conversion. Further exploration of the relationship between phenomenological aspects of perceptual abnormalities and conversion risk is warranted.
Topics: Adolescent; Case-Control Studies; Child; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Paranoid Disorders; Perception; Perceptual Disorders; Predictive Value of Tests; Prodromal Symptoms; Psychotic Disorders; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Young Adult
PubMed: 31355420
DOI: 10.1111/acps.13078