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Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2022The present study aimed to determine the fidelity, reliability, and internal validity of the APDQ when translated from English to Brazilian-Portuguese language.
OBJECTIVE
The present study aimed to determine the fidelity, reliability, and internal validity of the APDQ when translated from English to Brazilian-Portuguese language.
METHODS
The first phase included the APDQ translation into Brazilian-Portuguese including forward translation, translation assessment and back-translation in a group of 10 students. The second phase involved establishing the internal consistency and reliability of the APDQ Brazilian-Portuguese version. Data was collected from 66 students without any risk factor for auditory processing disorder. Subjects were divided into a younger group (7-10 yrs) and an older group (11-17 yrs).
RESULTS
All items showed appropriate quality in terms of translation. In determining internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha in subscales of auditory processing, attention and language was found to be 0.93, 0.85 and 0.74, respectively. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient for total score was 0.95, ensuring a strong test-retest reliability.
CONCLUSION
The Brazilian-Portuguese version of the APDQ has favorable translation quality, internal validity and reliability. It is now ready for continued study as a differential screening tool for 7- to 17-year-old Brazilian children with listening difficulties who are at risk for auditory processing disorder, attention deficits and language learning challenges.
Topics: Child; Humans; Adolescent; Brazil; Language; Reproducibility of Results; Auditory Perceptual Disorders; Portugal; Surveys and Questionnaires; Translations; Auditory Perception; Psychometrics
PubMed: 35331656
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2021.12.001 -
Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine Jun 2020To examine the clinical and functional characteristics associated with contralateral spatial neglect in right compared with left subacute stroke, and to investigate the...
OBJECTIVE
To examine the clinical and functional characteristics associated with contralateral spatial neglect in right compared with left subacute stroke, and to investigate the correlations between neglect severity and stroke severity, functional ability and outcome.
METHODS
Cross-sectional study comparing neurological impairment and disability. The same data-set was used in part 2 of this study.
RESULTS
Contralateral neglect was present in 79.7% of right stroke and 68.3% of left stroke rehabilitants, and was, on average, equally mild. Left stroke rehabilitants with neglect had higher stroke severity, cognitive and total disability and dependence level and more impaired sphincter control than right stroke rehabilitants with neglect, while the occurrence of depression, motor and sensory impairment was similar. Rehabilitants with neglect, irrespective of stroke side, had higher stroke severity, cognitive, motor and total disability and dependence level than rehabilitants without neglect.
CONCLUSION
In left and right stroke rehabilitants with equally mild neglect, those with left stroke had higher stroke severity, cognitive and total disability and dependence level. Neglect severity correlated with right or left stroke severity and functional ability, moderate to severe neglect correlated significantly more with functioning. Neglect severity was independently associated with functional outcome in right stroke.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Functional Laterality; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Perceptual Disorders; Stroke; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32488286
DOI: 10.2340/16501977-2699 -
Journal of Abnormal Psychology Aug 2020Although hallucinations are not one of the criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), they are increasingly documented in PTSD. They are noted in the absence of... (Review)
Review
Although hallucinations are not one of the criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), they are increasingly documented in PTSD. They are noted in the absence of clear delusions, formal thought disorganization, disorganized speech, or behavior, ruling out a comorbid psychotic disorder like schizophrenia as a better explanation for these hallucinations. Hallucinations in both PTSD and schizophrenia share phenomenological features. We propose that hallucinations in PTSD, like those in schizophrenia, might be explained in terms of aberrant predictive coding, specifically the misapplication of strong prior beliefs that vitiate perceptual inference. This approach highlights the broader relationship between trauma and psychosis. Under predictive coding, the nervous system organizes past sensory data into an internal model of the world. Under stress, the brain prioritizes speed over accurate encoding. However, memories for traumatic experiences are typically strongly consolidated, to avoid similar experiences in future. In PTSD, this could lead to a world model comprised of inaccurate but overly precise prior beliefs, that can be triggered by stimuli tangentially related to the index trauma, resulting in hallucinations. Crucially, this evidence accumulation depends upon the relative precision of prior beliefs and sensory evidence (supplied in the form of prediction errors). Our basic argument is that stressful situations induce belief updating, in terms of precise prior beliefs, that are difficult to undo. These unduly precise, trauma-related beliefs then constitute perceptual hypotheses, memories, or narratives that bias subsequent experience. This prior bias may be so severe that sensory evidence is effectively ignored; that is, treated as very imprecise, in relation to prior beliefs. Such an account may lead to cognitive therapies for hallucinations aimed at strong prior beliefs, and the exciting prospect of combining such therapies with drugs that modulate neuroplasticity and enhance the adaptive consolidation of more appropriate priors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Hallucinations; Humans; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
PubMed: 32437205
DOI: 10.1037/abn0000531 -
Journal of Vision Apr 2018Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined as a reduction in visual acuity that cannot be corrected by optical means. It has been associated with low-level... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined as a reduction in visual acuity that cannot be corrected by optical means. It has been associated with low-level deficits. However, research has demonstrated a link between amblyopia and visual attention deficits in counting, tracking, and identifying objects. Visual search is a useful tool for assessing visual attention but has not been well studied in amblyopia. Here, we assessed the extent of visual search deficits in amblyopia using feature and conjunction search tasks. We compared the performance of participants with amblyopia (n = 10) to those of controls (n = 12) on both feature and conjunction search tasks using Gabor patch stimuli, varying spatial bandwidth and orientation. To account for the low-level deficits inherent in amblyopia, we measured individual contrast and crowding thresholds and monitored eye movements. The display elements were then presented at suprathreshold levels to ensure that visibility was equalized across groups. There was no performance difference between groups on feature search, indicating that our experimental design controlled successfully for low-level amblyopia deficits. In contrast, during conjunction search, median reaction times and reaction time slopes were significantly larger in participants with amblyopia compared with controls. Amblyopia differentially affects performance on conjunction visual search, a more difficult task that requires feature binding and possibly the involvement of higher-level attention processes. Deficits in visual search may affect day-to-day functioning in people with amblyopia.
Topics: Adult; Amblyopia; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Perceptual Disorders; Sensory Thresholds; Task Performance and Analysis; Vision, Binocular; Visual Acuity; Visual Perception; Young Adult
PubMed: 29710307
DOI: 10.1167/18.4.17 -
European Neurology 2020Anosognosia and hemineglect are among the most startling neurological phenomena identified during the 20th century. Though both are associated with right hemisphere...
Anosognosia and hemineglect are among the most startling neurological phenomena identified during the 20th century. Though both are associated with right hemisphere cerebral dysfunction, notably stroke, each disorder had its own distinct literature. Anosognosia, as coined by Babinski in 1914, describes patients who seem to have no idea of their paralysis, despite general cognitive preservation. Certain patients seem more than unaware, with apparent resistance to awareness. More extreme, and qualitatively distinct, is denial of hemiplegia. Various interpretations of pathogenesis are still deliberated. As accounts of its captivating manifestations grew, anosognosia was established as a prominent symbol of neurological and psychic disturbance accompanying (right-hemisphere) stroke. Although reports of specific neglect-related symptomatology appeared earlier, not until nearly 2 decades after anosognosia's inaugural definition was neglect formally defined by Brain, paving a path spanning some years, to depict a class of disorder with heterogeneous variants. Disordered awareness of body and extrapersonal space with right parietal lesions, and other symptom variations, were gathered under the canopy of neglect. Viewed as a disorder of corporeal awareness, explanatory interpretations involve mechanisms of extinction and perceptual processing, disturbance of spatial attention, and others. Odd alterations involving apparent concern, attitudes, or belief characterize many right hemisphere conditions. Anosognosia and neglect are re-examined, from the perspective of unawareness, the nature of belief, and its baffling distortions. Conceptual parallels between these 2 distinct disorders emerge, as the major role of the right hemisphere in mental representation of self is highlighted by its most fascinating syndromes of altered awareness.
Topics: Agnosia; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Neurology; Perceptual Disorders
PubMed: 32927461
DOI: 10.1159/000510397 -
Current Opinion in Neurology Dec 2014The experience of ourselves as an embodied agent with a first-person perspective is referred to as 'bodily self'. We present a selective overview of relevant clinical... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The experience of ourselves as an embodied agent with a first-person perspective is referred to as 'bodily self'. We present a selective overview of relevant clinical and experimental studies.
RECENT FINDINGS
Sharing multisensory body space with others can be observed in patients with structurally altered bodies (amputations, congenital absence of limbs), with altered functionality after hemiplegia, such as denial of limb ownership (somatoparaphrenia) and with alterations in bodily self-consciousness on the level of the entire body (e.g. in autoscopic phenomena). In healthy participants, the mechanisms underpinning body ownership and observer perspective are empirically investigated by multisensory stimulation paradigms to alter the bodily self. The resulting illusions have promoted the understanding of complex disturbances of the bodily self, such as out-of-body experiences. We discuss the role of interoception in differentiating between self and others and review current advances in the study of body integrity identity disorder, a condition shaped as much by neurological as by social-psychological factors.
SUMMARY
We advocate a social neuroscience approach to the bodily self that takes into account the interactions between body, mind and society and might help close the divide between neurology and psychiatry.
Topics: Humans; Illusions; Interpersonal Relations; Perceptual Disorders; Self Concept
PubMed: 25333602
DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000151 -
Neuropsychologia Jul 2018Prism adaptation has a long history as an experimental paradigm used to investigate the functional and neural processes that underlie sensorimotor control. In the... (Review)
Review
Prism adaptation has a long history as an experimental paradigm used to investigate the functional and neural processes that underlie sensorimotor control. In the neuropsychology literature, prism adaptation behaviour is typically explained by reference to a traditional cognitive psychology framework that distinguishes putative functions, such as 'strategic control' versus 'spatial realignment'. This theoretical framework lacks conceptual clarity, quantitative precision and explanatory power. Here, we advocate for an alternative computational framework that offers several advantages: 1) an algorithmic explanatory account of the computations and operations that drive behaviour; 2) expressed in quantitative mathematical terms; 3) embedded within a principled theoretical framework (Bayesian decision theory, state-space modelling); 4) that offers a means to generate and test quantitative behavioural predictions. This computational framework offers a route towards mechanistic neurocognitive explanations of prism adaptation behaviour. Thus it constitutes a conceptual advance compared to the traditional theoretical framework. In this paper, we illustrate how Bayesian decision theory and state-space models offer principled explanations for a range of behavioural phenomena in the field of prism adaptation (e.g. visual capture, magnitude of visual versus proprioceptive realignment, spontaneous recovery and dynamics of adaptation memory). We argue that this explanatory framework can advance understanding of the functional and neural mechanisms that implement prism adaptation behaviour, by enabling quantitative tests of hypotheses that go beyond merely descriptive mapping claims that 'brain area X is (somehow) involved in psychological process Y'.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Algorithms; Brain; Humans; Models, Biological; Perceptual Disorders; Photic Stimulation; Psychomotor Performance; Space Perception
PubMed: 29248498
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.12.021 -
Stroke Mar 2022Delirium, an acute reduction in cognitive functioning, hinders stroke recovery and contributes to cognitive decline. Right-hemisphere stroke is linked with higher...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Delirium, an acute reduction in cognitive functioning, hinders stroke recovery and contributes to cognitive decline. Right-hemisphere stroke is linked with higher delirium incidence, likely, due to the prevalence of spatial neglect (SN), a right-brain disorder of spatial processing. This study tested if symptoms of delirium and SN after right-hemisphere stroke are associated with abnormal function of the right-dominant neural networks specialized for maintaining attention, orientation, and arousal.
METHODS
Twenty-nine participants with right-hemisphere ischemic stroke undergoing acute rehabilitation completed delirium and SN assessments and functional neuroimaging scans. Whole-brain functional connectivity of 4 right-hemisphere seed regions in the cortical-subcortical arousal and attention networks was assessed for its relationship to validated SN and delirium severity measures.
RESULTS
Of 29 patients, 6 (21%) met the diagnostic criteria for delirium and 16 (55%) for SN. Decreased connectivity of the right basal forebrain to brain stem and basal ganglia predicted more severe SN. Increased connectivity of the arousal and attention network regions with the parietal, frontal, and temporal structures in the unaffected hemisphere was also found in more severe delirium and SN.
CONCLUSIONS
Delirium and SN are associated with decreased arousal network activity and an imbalance of cortico-subcortical hemispheric connectivity. Better understanding of neural correlates of poststroke delirium and SN will lead to improved neuroscience-based treatment development for these disorders. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03349411.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Brain; Brain Mapping; Delirium; Female; Functional Laterality; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Net; Perceptual Disorders; Stroke
PubMed: 34619987
DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.035733 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Nov 2015Unilateral spatial neglect (USN) is characterized by the inability to report or respond to people or objects presented on the side contralateral to the lesioned side of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Unilateral spatial neglect (USN) is characterized by the inability to report or respond to people or objects presented on the side contralateral to the lesioned side of the brain and has been associated with poor functional outcomes and long stays in hospitals and rehabilitation centers. Pharmacological interventions (medical interventions only, use of drugs to improve the health condition), such as dopamine and noradrenergic agonists or pro-cholinergic treatment, have been used in people affected by USN after stroke, and effects of these treatments could provide new insights for health professionals and policy makers.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of pharmacological interventions for USN after stroke.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (April 2015), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (April 2015), MEDLINE (1946 to April 2015), the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) (1982 to April 2015), EMBASE (1980 to April 2015), PsycINFO (1806 to April 2015) and Latin American Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) (1982 to April 2015). We also searched trials and research registers, screened reference lists, and contacted study authors and pharmaceutical companies (April 2015).
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomized controlled trials (quasi-RCTs) of pharmacological interventions for USN after stroke.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently assessed risk of bias in the included studies and extracted data.
MAIN RESULTS
We included in the review two studies with a total of 30 randomly assigned participants. We rated the quality of the evidence as very low as the result of study limitations, small numbers of events, and small sample sizes, with imprecision in the confidence interval (CI). We were not able to perform meta-analysis because of heterogeneity related to the different interventions evaluated between included studies. Very low-quality evidence from one trial (20 participants) comparing effects of rivastigmine plus rehabilitation versus rehabilitation on overall USN at discharge showed the following: Barrage (mean difference (MD) 0.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.18 to 0.78); Letter Cancellation (MD 10.60, 95% CI 2.07 to 19.13); Sentence Reading (MD 0.20, 95% CI -0.69 to 1.09), and the Wundt-Jastrow Area Illusion Test (MD -4.40, 95% CI -8.28 to -0.52); no statistical significance was observed for the same outcomes at 30 days' follow-up. In another trial (10 participants), study authors showed statistically significant reduction in omissions in the three cancellation tasks under transdermal nicotine treatment (mean number of omissions 2.93 ± 0.5) compared with both baseline (4.95 ± 0.8) and placebo (5.14 ± 0.9) (main effect of treatment condition: F (2.23) = 11.06; P value < 0.0001). One major adverse event occurred in the transdermal nicotine treatment group, and treatment was discontinued in the affected participant. None of the included trials reported data on several of the prespecified outcomes (falls, balance, depression or anxiety, poststroke fatigue, and quality of life).
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
The quality of the evidence from available RCTs was very low. The effectiveness and safety of pharmacological interventions for USN after stroke are therefore uncertain. Additional large RCTs are needed to evaluate these treatments.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Humans; Neuroprotective Agents; Nicotine; Nicotinic Agonists; Perceptual Disorders; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Rivastigmine; Stroke; Stroke Rehabilitation
PubMed: 26544542
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010882.pub2 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Jun 2016Stereoscopic depth perception requires considerable neural computation, including the initial correspondence of the two retinal images, comparison across the local... (Review)
Review
Stereoscopic depth perception requires considerable neural computation, including the initial correspondence of the two retinal images, comparison across the local regions of the visual field and integration with other cues to depth. The most common cause for loss of stereoscopic vision is amblyopia, in which one eye has failed to form an adequate input to the visual cortex, usually due to strabismus (deviating eye) or anisometropia. However, the significant cortical processing required to produce the percept of depth means that, even when the retinal input is intact from both eyes, brain damage or dysfunction can interfere with stereoscopic vision. In this review, I examine the evidence for impairment of binocular vision and depth perception that can result from insults to the brain, including both discrete damage, temporal lobectomy and more systemic diseases such as posterior cortical atrophy.This article is part of the themed issue 'Vision in our three-dimensional world'.
Topics: Agnosia; Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Depth Perception; Hemianopsia; Humans; Macaca; Perceptual Disorders; Vision, Binocular; Visual Cortex
PubMed: 27269597
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0254