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Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000) Sep 2022The periodontal complex involves the hard and soft tissues which support dentition, comprised of cementum, bone, and the periodontal ligament (PDL). Periodontitis, a... (Review)
Review
The periodontal complex involves the hard and soft tissues which support dentition, comprised of cementum, bone, and the periodontal ligament (PDL). Periodontitis, a prevalent infectious disease of the periodontium, threatens the integrity of these tissues and causes irreversible damage. Periodontal therapy aims to repair and ultimately regenerate these tissues toward preserving native dentition and improving the physiologic integration of dental implants. The PDL contains multipotent stem cells, which have a robust capacity to differentiate into various types of cells to form the PDL, cementum, and alveolar bone. Selection of appropriate growth factors and biomaterial matrices to facilitate periodontal regeneration are critical to recapitulate the physiologic organization and function of the periodontal complex. Herein, we discuss the current state of clinical periodontal regeneration including a review of FDA-approved growth factors. We will highlight advances in preclinical research toward identifying additional growth factors capable of robust repair and biomaterial matrices to augment regeneration similarly and synergistically, ultimately improving periodontal regeneration's predictability and long-term efficacy. This review should improve the readers' understanding of the molecular and cellular processes involving periodontal regeneration essential for designing comprehensive therapeutic approaches.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Dental Implants; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontium; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 36086991
DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23499 -
Dental Clinics of North America Jan 2022Successful periodontal regeneration requires the hierarchical reorganization of multiple tissues including periodontal ligament, cementum, alveolar bone, and gingiva.... (Review)
Review
Successful periodontal regeneration requires the hierarchical reorganization of multiple tissues including periodontal ligament, cementum, alveolar bone, and gingiva. The limitation of conventional regenerative therapies has been attracting research interest in tissue engineering-based periodontal therapies where progenitor cells, scaffolds, and bioactive molecules are delivered. Scaffolds offer not only structural support but also provide geometrical clue to guide cell fate. Additionally, functionalization improves bioactive properties to the scaffold. Various scaffold designs have been proposed for periodontal regeneration. These include the fabrication of biomimetic periodontal extracellular matrix, multiphasic scaffolds with tissue-specific layers, and personalized 3D printed scaffolds. This review summarizes the basic concept as well as the recent advancement of scaffold designing and fabrication for periodontal regeneration and provides an insight of future clinical translation.
Topics: Dental Cementum; Humans; Periodontal Ligament; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 34794550
DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2021.06.004 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Nov 2023: This review focuses on reviewing studies from the literature regarding the effects of deep margin elevation on the surrounding periodontium. : A review of the... (Review)
Review
: This review focuses on reviewing studies from the literature regarding the effects of deep margin elevation on the surrounding periodontium. : A review of the literature was carried out using the following online databases: Embase, The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE-PubMed and Google Scholar. Our search was limited to articles from 2010 to 2023. The search terms consisted of keywords and MeSH terms, which were 'deep margin elevation', 'coronal margin relocation', 'periodontium' and 'periodontal tissues'. The literature was searched thoroughly by two reviewers. Initially, the titles of the articles were extracted. After removing irrelevant and duplicate articles, abstracts were assessed for relevant articles. Finally, the reviewers analyzed full-text articles. A total of twelve articles, including one randomized clinical trial, three systematic reviews, two prospective cohort, three case series, one a clinical study, one pilot study and one a retrospective study, were selected and analyzed. The review suggests potential benefits of Deep Margin Elevation (DME) over surgical crown lengthening due to reduced invasiveness, yet conclusive effects on periodontal tissue remain unclear, warranting further studies on clinical parameters and inflammatory biomarkers.
Topics: Humans; Prospective Studies; Pilot Projects; Retrospective Studies; Periodontium; Periodontal Ligament; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 38003997
DOI: 10.3390/medicina59111948 -
Cells Oct 2022Periodontal diseases include periodontitis and gingival overgrowth. Periodontitis is a bacterial infectious disease, and its pathological cascade is regulated by many... (Review)
Review
Periodontal diseases include periodontitis and gingival overgrowth. Periodontitis is a bacterial infectious disease, and its pathological cascade is regulated by many inflammatory cytokines secreted by immune or tissue cells, such as interleukin-6. In contrast, gingival overgrowth develops as a side effect of specific drugs, such as immunosuppressants, anticonvulsants, and calcium channel blockers. Human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) are the most abundant cells in gingival connective tissue, and human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPLFs) are located between the teeth and alveolar bone. HGFs and HPLFs are both crucial for the remodeling and homeostasis of periodontal tissue, and their roles in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases have been examined for 25 years. Various responses by HGFs or HPLFs contribute to the progression of periodontal diseases. This review summarizes the biological effects of HGFs and HPLFs on the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
Topics: Humans; Gingiva; Fibroblasts; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontitis; Gingival Overgrowth
PubMed: 36359741
DOI: 10.3390/cells11213345 -
The Chinese Journal of Dental Research Jun 2022The ultimate goal of periodontal treatments is the regeneration of all lost periodontal tissues including bone, cementum and the periodontal ligament (PDL). Until now,... (Review)
Review
The ultimate goal of periodontal treatments is the regeneration of all lost periodontal tissues including bone, cementum and the periodontal ligament (PDL). Until now, the clinical methods for periodontal regeneration have been associated with significant failure or incomplete success. Various studies have reported the promising effects of growth factors/cytokines on periodontal regeneration. Growth factors/cytokines include proteins or steroid hormones that bind to cellular receptors, known as signalling molecules, and that trigger cellular responses that eventually stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation. The present review aims to provide an overview of the main growth factors that play an important role in and have been used in the regeneration of periodontal components.
Topics: Cementogenesis; Cytokines; Dental Cementum; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontium
PubMed: 35686588
DOI: 10.3290/j.cjdr.b3086335 -
Journal of Cellular Physiology Jan 2016Periodontal diseases are highly prevalent and are linked to several systemic diseases. The goal of periodontal treatment is to halt the progression of the disease and... (Review)
Review
Periodontal diseases are highly prevalent and are linked to several systemic diseases. The goal of periodontal treatment is to halt the progression of the disease and regenerate the damaged tissue. However, achieving complete and functional periodontal regeneration is challenging because the periodontium is a complex apparatus composed of different tissues, including bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament. Stem cells may represent an effective therapeutic tool for periodontal regeneration due to their plasticity and their ability to regenerate different tissues. This review presents and critically analyzes the available information on stem cell-based therapy for the regeneration of periodontal tissues and suggests new avenues for the development of more effective therapeutic protocols.
Topics: Animals; Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; Guided Tissue Regeneration, Periodontal; Humans; Periodontal Ligament; Regeneration; Stem Cell Transplantation; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 26058394
DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25067 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2021Although it has been reported that mesenchymal stem cells isolated from adult tissues can be induced to overcome their mesenchymal fate and transdifferentiate into...
Although it has been reported that mesenchymal stem cells isolated from adult tissues can be induced to overcome their mesenchymal fate and transdifferentiate into neural cells, the findings and their interpretation have been challenged. The main argument against this process is that the cells rapidly adopt neuron-like morphologies through retraction of the cytoplasm rather than active neurite extension. In this study, we examined the sequence of biological events during neural differentiation of human periodontal ligament-derived stem cells (hPDLSCs), human bone marrow-derived stem cells (hBMSCs) and human dental pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs) by time-lapse microscopy. We have demonstrated that hPDLSCs, hBMSCs and hDPSCs can directly differentiate into neuron-like cells without passing through a mitotic stage and that they shrink dramatically and change their morphology to that of neuron-like cells through active neurite extension. Furthermore, we observed micronuclei movement and transient cell nuclei lobulation concurrent to in vitro neurogenesis from hBMSCs and hDPSCs. Our results demonstrate that the differentiation of hPDLSCs, hBMSCs and hDPSCs towards a neural lineage occurs through a dedifferentiation step followed by differentiation to neural phenotypes, and therefore we definitively confirm that the rapid acquisition of the neural phenotype is via a differentiation trait.
Topics: Adult Stem Cells; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Dedifferentiation; Cell Differentiation; Female; Humans; Male; Neurites; Periodontal Ligament
PubMed: 34103613
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91566-9 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark... Feb 2022Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) requires the orthodontic forces (compressive and tensile strain) to subject to the periodontal ligament and mechanosensory cells in the... (Review)
Review
Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) requires the orthodontic forces (compressive and tensile strain) to subject to the periodontal ligament and mechanosensory cells in the periodontium and to achieve mechanotransduction by mechanoreceptors. In the context of OTM, a diverse array of signaling pathways are activated in mechanosensory cells that modulate bone resorption and formation in and models. The underlying molecular signal transduction, such as MAPK and β-Catenin signaling, that is involved in OTM, has been partially identified. It includes, but is not limited to genes and proteins which are related to osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, cementogenesis and inflammation. However, the interactive relation of β-Catenin and MAPK signaling remains ambiguous and diverse cross-talks are acting with each other. In this comprehensive text, we review the biology of OTM and reported experimental results on the activation/inhibition of these two signaling pathways during OTM. Here, we also focus on the implications and interplays between the MAPK and β-Catenin signaling in mechanosensory cells in response to orthodontic forces. Finally, the potential of further investigation strategies aimed at supporting orthodontic interventions are discussed. This review provides a conceptual framework for more comprehensive knowledge about signaling interaction during OTM.
Topics: Mechanotransduction, Cellular; Osteoclasts; Osteogenesis; Periodontal Ligament; Signal Transduction; Tooth Movement Techniques; beta Catenin
PubMed: 35226997
DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2702054 -
Journal of Advanced Research Jun 2024Periodontal regeneration, specifically the restoration of the cementum-periodontal ligament (PDL)-alveolar bone complex, remains a formidable challenge in the field of...
INTRODUCTION
Periodontal regeneration, specifically the restoration of the cementum-periodontal ligament (PDL)-alveolar bone complex, remains a formidable challenge in the field of regenerative dentistry. In light of periodontal development, harnessing the multi-tissue developmental capabilities of periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) and reinitiating the periodontal developmental process hold great promise as an effective strategy to foster the regeneration of the periodontal complex.
OBJECTIVES
This study aims to delve into the potential effects of the macrophage-mediated immune microenvironment on the "developmental engineering" regeneration strategy and its underlying molecular mechanisms.
METHODS
In this study, we conducted a comprehensive examination of the periodontium developmental process in the rat mandibular first molar using histological staining. Through the induction of diverse immune microenvironments in macrophages, we evaluated their potential effects on periodontal re-development events using a cytokine array. Additionally, we investigated PDLC-mediated periodontal re-development events under these distinct immune microenvironments through transcriptome sequencing and relevant functional assays. Furthermore, the underlying molecular mechanism was also performed.
RESULTS
The activation of development-related functions in PDLCs proved challenging due to their declined activity. However, our findings suggest that modulating the macrophage immune response can effectively regulate PDLCs-mediated periodontium development-related events. The M1 type macrophage immune microenvironment was found to promote PDLC activities associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition, fiber degradation, osteoclastogenesis, and inflammation through the Wnt, IL-17, and TNF signaling pathways. Conversely, the M2 type macrophage immune microenvironment demonstrated superiority in inducing epithelium induction, fibers formation, and mineralization performance of PDLCs by upregulating the TGFβ and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study could provide some favorable theoretical bases for applying periodontal development engineering strategy in resolving the difficulties in periodontal multi-tissue regeneration.
Topics: Periodontal Ligament; Animals; Macrophages; Rats; Male; Regeneration; Cellular Microenvironment; Cells, Cultured; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Cell Differentiation; Cytokines; Signal Transduction; Molar
PubMed: 37597747
DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.08.009 -
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of... Oct 2023The periodontium is a biological structure that supports the tooth in the jaw and behave as a developmental, biological, and functional unit. Teeth may be considered to...
The periodontium is a biological structure that supports the tooth in the jaw and behave as a developmental, biological, and functional unit. Teeth may be considered to be 'suspended' in their tooth sockets which provides teeth the ability to move in response to an applied load. In terms of the protection the suspension effect of the periodontal ligament may offer dental restorations, movement in an axial direction is of interest. No device or system to measure this movement is readily available, thus a novel approach had to be developed to address the questions of this research. The device developed allowed images to be taken of the participants teeth before, during and after a participant bit down on the tooth and used to measure the displacement of the tooth in image processing software. Average maximum tooth displacement from all participants of 73.8 μm (sd = 22.5 μm) were recorded. Longer application time of bite force was associated with greater cumulative tooth displacement, for a given level of force, and female participants experienced approximately 2 μm more displacement per Newton than males. The device and methods utilised in this study has shown good potential as a measurement protocol for measurement of vertical tooth movements in vivo. The response to load the teeth in this study has shown, highlighted the visco-elastic properties of the periodontal ligament and the amount of movement recorded supports the protection that controlled tooth movement offers teeth.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Periodontal Ligament; Bite Force; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Movement; Software
PubMed: 37604099
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106059