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Stem Cell Research & Therapy Feb 2023Periodontitis is a high prevalence oral disease which damages both the hard and soft tissue of the periodontium, resulting in tooth mobility and even loss. Existing... (Review)
Review
Periodontitis is a high prevalence oral disease which damages both the hard and soft tissue of the periodontium, resulting in tooth mobility and even loss. Existing clinical treatment methods cannot fully achieve periodontal tissue regeneration; thus, due to the unique characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), they have become the focus of attention and may be the most promising new therapy for periodontitis. Accumulating evidence supports the view that the role of MSCs in regenerative medicine is mainly achieved by the paracrine pathway rather than direct proliferation and differentiation at the injured site. Various cells release lipid-enclosed particles known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are rich in bioactive substances. In periodontitis, EVs play a pivotal role in regulating the biological functions of both periodontal tissue cells and immune cells, as well as the local microenvironment, thereby promoting periodontal injury repair and tissue regeneration. As a cell-free therapy, MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have some preponderance on stability, immune rejection, ethical supervision, and other problems; therefore, they may have a broad clinical application prospect. Herein, we gave a brief introduction to MSC-EVs and focused on their mechanisms and clinical application in periodontal regeneration.
Topics: Humans; Extracellular Vesicles; Periodontium; Periodontitis; Periodontal Ligament; Mesenchymal Stem Cells
PubMed: 36782259
DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03242-6 -
Stomatologija 2020The aim of this article is to review the effect of enamel matrix derivate (EMD) on growth factors activation for periodontal regeneration. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this article is to review the effect of enamel matrix derivate (EMD) on growth factors activation for periodontal regeneration.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Online databases, such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, PMC, Science Direct were searched by using the following keywords in various combinations: emdogain, periodontal regeneration, growth factors, transforming growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein, fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factors. All studies fulfilling the selection criteria were carefully reviewed for the focused question: "Does enamel matrix derivate induces the activity of growth factors, important in periodontal regeneration?".
RESULTS
1378 articles were found in the databases using keywords. After duplicate citations screened, inclusion/exclusion criteria applied, excluded articles after titles, summaries and full-text reading 14 articles were included in the literature review.
CONCLUSION
Enamel matrix derivate (EMD) was found to have a possitive effect on periodontal tissue regneration. By stimulating secretion and activating functions of growth factors, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), EMD induces production of new alveolar bone, new root cementum and functionl periodontal ligament (PDL) and new blood vessels formation in periodontal area. Due to this production, the probing depth of periodontal pocket is being reduced.
Topics: Bone Regeneration; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Periodontal Ligament; Regeneration; Transforming Growth Factor beta
PubMed: 33245062
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Oral Science 2017Orthodontic tooth movement is accompanied by inflammatory responses in the periodontal ligament. Chemical mediators such as interleukin-1β have key roles in nociception... (Review)
Review
Orthodontic tooth movement is accompanied by inflammatory responses in the periodontal ligament. Chemical mediators such as interleukin-1β have key roles in nociception around teeth. Such nociceptive inputs to the periodontal ligament continue for several days and potentially induce plastic changes in higher brain regions, including the cerebral cortex. This review summarizes research on orthodontic treatment-induced modulation of neural activities in the central nervous system. Furthermore, we describe our recent findings on the spatiotemporal effects of orthodontic treatment in the somatosensory and insular cortices.
Topics: Central Nervous System; Humans; Interleukin-1beta; Nociception; Periodontal Ligament; Tooth Movement Techniques
PubMed: 28637973
DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.16-0847 -
Stem Cell Research & Therapy Jun 2022The damaged neuronal cells of adult mammalian lack the regenerative ability to replace the neuronal connections. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The damaged neuronal cells of adult mammalian lack the regenerative ability to replace the neuronal connections. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are the promising source for neuroregenerative applications that can improve the injured microenvironment of the damaged neural system. They provide neuronal progenitors and neurotrophic, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory factors. In this study, we aimed to comprehensively explore the various neuronal differentiation potentials of PDLSCs for application in neural regeneration therapy.
MAIN TEXT
PDLSCs have superior potential to differentiate into various neural-like cells through a dedifferentiation stage followed by differentiation process without need for cell division. Diverse combination of nutritional factors can be used to induce the PDLSCs toward neural lineage. PDLSCs when coupled with biomaterials could have significant implications for neural tissue repair. PDLSCs can be a new clinical research target for Alzheimer's disease treatment, multiple sclerosis and cerebral ischemia. Moreover, PDLSCs have beneficial effects on retinal ganglion cell regeneration and photoreceptor survival. PDLSCs can be a great source for the repair of injured peripheral nerve through the expression of several neural growth factors and differentiation into Schwann cells.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, these cells are an appealing source for utilizing in clinical treatment of the neuropathological disorders. Although significant in vitro and in vivo investigations were carried out in order for neural differentiation evaluation of these cells into diverse types of neurons, more preclinical and clinical studies are needed to elucidate their therapeutic potential for neural diseases.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Mammals; Nerve Regeneration; Osteogenesis; Periodontal Ligament; Stem Cells
PubMed: 35729595
DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02942-9 -
European Journal of Oral Sciences Feb 2021Scaling and root planning is a key element in the mechanical therapy used for the eradication of biofilm, which is the major etiological factor for periodontitis and... (Review)
Review
Scaling and root planning is a key element in the mechanical therapy used for the eradication of biofilm, which is the major etiological factor for periodontitis and peri-implantitis. However, periodontitis is also a host mediated disease, therefore, removal of the biofilm without adjunctive therapy may not achieve the desired clinical outcome due to persistent activation of the innate and adaptive immune cells. Most recently, even the resident cells of the periodontium, including periodontal ligament fibroblasts, have been shown to produce several inflammatory factors in response to bacterial challenge. With increased understanding of the pathophysiology of periodontitis, more research is focusing on opposing excessive inflammation with specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). This review article covers the major limitations of current standards of care for periodontitis and peri-implantitis, and it highlights recent advances and prospects of SPMs in the context of tissue reconstruction and regeneration. Here, we focus primarily on the role of SPMs in restoring tissue homeostasis after periodontal infection.
Topics: Dental Implants; Humans; Inflammation; Peri-Implantitis; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontitis; Periodontium
PubMed: 33565133
DOI: 10.1111/eos.12759 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Dec 2017The goal of periodontal regenerative therapy is to predictably restore the tooth's supporting periodontal tissues and form a new connective tissue attachment of... (Review)
Review
The goal of periodontal regenerative therapy is to predictably restore the tooth's supporting periodontal tissues and form a new connective tissue attachment of periodontal ligament (PDL) fibers and new alveolar bone. Periostin is a matricellular protein so named for its expression primarily in the periosteum and PDL of adult mice. Its biological functions have been widely studied in areas such as cardiovascular physiology and oncology. Despite being initially identified in the dental tissues and bone, investigations of Periostin functions in PDL and alveolar-bone-related physiopathology are less abundant. Recently, several studies have suggested that Periostin may be an important regulator of periodontal tissue formation. By promoting collagen fibrillogenesis and the migration of fibroblasts and osteoblasts, Periostin might play a pivotal part in regeneration of the PDL and alveolar bone following periodontal surgery. The aim of this article is to provide an extensive review of the implications of Periostin in periodontal tissue biology and its potential use in periodontal tissue regeneration.
Topics: Alveolar Process; Animals; Bone Regeneration; Bone Resorption; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Fibroblasts; Gene Expression; Humans; Mechanotransduction, Cellular; Osteoblasts; Osteoclasts; Osteogenesis; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontitis
PubMed: 28889194
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2645-3 -
Dental Materials : Official Publication... Jun 2017The dynamic bone-periodontal ligament (PDL)-tooth fibrous joint consists of two adaptive functionally graded interfaces (FGI), the PDL-bone and PDL-cementum that respond... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The dynamic bone-periodontal ligament (PDL)-tooth fibrous joint consists of two adaptive functionally graded interfaces (FGI), the PDL-bone and PDL-cementum that respond to mechanical strain transmitted during mastication. In general, from a materials and mechanics perspective, FGI prevent catastrophic failure during prolonged cyclic loading. This review is a discourse of results gathered from literature to illustrate the dynamic adaptive nature of the fibrous joint in response to physiologic and pathologic simulated functions, and experimental tooth movement.
METHODS
Historically, studies have investigated soft to hard tissue transitions through analytical techniques that provided insights into structural, biochemical, and mechanical characterization methods. Experimental approaches included two dimensional to three dimensional advanced in situ imaging and analytical techniques. These techniques allowed mapping and correlation of deformations to physicochemical and mechanobiological changes within volumes of the complex subjected to concentric and eccentric loading regimes respectively.
RESULTS
Tooth movement is facilitated by mechanobiological activity at the interfaces of the fibrous joint and generates elastic discontinuities at these interfaces in response to eccentric loading. Both concentric and eccentric loads mediated cellular responses to strains, and prompted self-regulating mineral forming and resorbing zones that in turn altered the functional space of the joint.
SIGNIFICANCE
A multiscale biomechanics and mechanobiology approach is important for correlating joint function to tissue-level strain-adaptive properties with overall effects on joint form as related to physiologic and pathologic functions. Elucidating the shift in localization of biomolecules specifically at interfaces during development, function, and therapeutic loading of the joint is critical for developing "functional regeneration and adaptation" strategies with an emphasis on restoring physiologic joint function.
Topics: Bone and Bones; Dental Cementum; Hardness; Periodontal Ligament; Tooth
PubMed: 28476202
DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.03.007 -
Periodontology 2000 Oct 2016With the march of time our bodies start to wear out: eyesight fades, skin loses its elasticity, teeth and bones become more brittle and injuries heal more slowly. These... (Review)
Review
With the march of time our bodies start to wear out: eyesight fades, skin loses its elasticity, teeth and bones become more brittle and injuries heal more slowly. These universal features of aging can be traced back to our stem cells. Aging has a profound effect on stem cells: DNA mutations naturally accumulate over time and our bodies have evolved highly specialized mechanisms to remove these damaged cells. Whilst obviously beneficial, this repair mechanism also reduces the pool of available stem cells and this, in turn, has a dramatic effect on tissue homeostasis and on our rate of healing. Simply put: fewer stem cells means a decline in tissue function and slower healing. Despite this seemingly intractable situation, research over the past decade now demonstrates that some of the effects of aging are reversible. Nobel prize-winning research demonstrates that old cells can become young again, and lessons learned from these experiments-in-a-dish are now being translated into human therapies. Scientists and clinicians around the world are identifying and characterizing methods to activate stem cells to reinvigorate the body's natural regenerative process. If this research in dental regenerative medicine pans out, the end result will be tissue homeostasis and healing back to the levels we appreciated when we were young.
Topics: Aging; Alveolar Bone Loss; Animals; Bone Regeneration; Dental Cementum; Humans; Mutation; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontium; Regeneration; Regenerative Medicine; Stem Cells; Wound Healing
PubMed: 27501489
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12127 -
Journal of Translational Medicine Feb 2023Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is biologically based on the spatiotemporal remodeling process in periodontium, the mechanisms of which remain obscure. Noncoding RNAs... (Review)
Review
Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is biologically based on the spatiotemporal remodeling process in periodontium, the mechanisms of which remain obscure. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, play a pivotal role in maintaining periodontal homeostasis at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic levels. Under force stimuli, mechanosensitive ncRNAs with altered expression levels transduce mechanical load to modulate intracellular genes. These ncRNAs regulate the biomechanical responses of periodontium in the catabolic, anabolic, and coupling phases throughout OTM. To achieve this, down or upregulated ncRNAs actively participate in cell proliferation, differentiation, autophagy, inflammatory, immune, and neurovascular responses. This review highlights the regulatory mechanism of fine-tuning ncRNAs in periodontium remodeling during OTM, laying the foundation for safe, precise, and personalized orthodontic treatment.
Topics: Tooth Movement Techniques; Bone Remodeling; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontium; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 36759852
DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03951-9 -
Bioscience Reports Jun 2018Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling enzymes involved in developmental processes, tissue remodelling and repair, inflammatory and...
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling enzymes involved in developmental processes, tissue remodelling and repair, inflammatory and immune diseases and cancer. In a recent issue of (vol. 37, issue 6, BSR20170973), Liu and colleagues investigated the expression of MMPs such as MMP-1 (interstitial collagenase), MMP-3 (stromelysin 1) and MMP-13 (collagenase 3) in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs) regulated by interleukin-12 (IL-12), a cytokine implicated in inflammatory and immune responses. They showed that IL-12 activates canonical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling leading to increased expression of MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13, and to a smaller reduction in the expression of MMP-2 (gelatinase A) and MMP-9 (gelatinase B) at both mRNA and protein levels, with corresponding changes in the secreted levels of these ECM-remodelling and immune regulatory metalloproteinases. While canonical NF-κB signalling regulates these MMPs, it also interacts with additional factors to determine whether some of these MMPs are induced or downregulated, in response to IL-12. Here, we comment on the possible mechanisms of IL-12-mediated transcriptional regulation of MMPs.
Topics: Fibroblasts; Humans; Interleukin-12; Matrix Metalloproteinase 12; NF-kappa B; Periodontal Ligament
PubMed: 29555826
DOI: 10.1042/BSR20171420