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Journal of Periodontal Research Aug 2022The present study was designed to investigate the whole transcriptome of periodontal tissues of both young and aged mice to identify the characteristic up-regulation of...
OBJECTIVE
The present study was designed to investigate the whole transcriptome of periodontal tissues of both young and aged mice to identify the characteristic up-regulation of protease genes with aging and to localize their translated protein products in the periodontal tissues.
BACKGROUND
The metzincin protease superfamily is composed of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a disintegrin and metalloproteinases, and a disintegrin and metalloproteinases with thrombospondin motifs. Up-regulation of these extracellular matrix-degrading proteases has been implicated in senescence of tissues and organs, including the skin. However, few studies have investigated the expression profiles of these proteases and potential involvement in aging of periodontal tissues.
METHODS
Periodontal tissues with the surrounding mandibular bones were collected from 50- and 10-week-old mice. Total RNA was extracted from the periodontal tissue and analyzed by cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) to identify differentially expressed genes encoding the metzincin proteases. Furthermore, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to validate the CAGE results, and the phenotypic expression of proteases involved in aging was localized via immunohistochemical analysis.
RESULTS
The CAGE results showed that the expression levels of MMP-3, -10, and -12 were up-regulated at 50 weeks. Subsequent qRT-PCR analysis showed that the gene expression levels of MMP-3 and -10 were significantly increased with age. MMP-10 immunoreactivity was localized exclusively in the cementum and alveolar bone adjacent to the periodontal ligament and was stronger and broader in aged mice than young mice. MMP-3 immunoreactivity was localized in the periodontal ligaments at both 10 and 50 weeks.
CONCLUSION
In the present study, we demonstrated that the expression of MMP-3 and -10 increased with aging and identified their characteristic localizations in aged periodontal tissues.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Dental Cementum; Disintegrins; Extracellular Matrix; Matrix Metalloproteinase 10; Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; Mice; Periodontal Ligament
PubMed: 35502585
DOI: 10.1111/jre.12996 -
PloS One 2019Regenerating the periodontal ligament (PDL) is a crucial factor for periodontal tissue regeneration in the presence of traumatized and periodontally damaged teeth....
Regenerating the periodontal ligament (PDL) is a crucial factor for periodontal tissue regeneration in the presence of traumatized and periodontally damaged teeth. Various methods have been applied for periodontal regeneration, including tissue substitutes, bioactive materials, and synthetic scaffolds. However, all of these treatments have had limited success in structural and functional periodontal tissue regeneration. To achieve the goal of complete periodontal regeneration, many studies have evaluated the effectiveness of decellularized scaffolds fabricated via tissue engineering. The aim of this study was to fabricate a decellularized periodontal scaffold of human tooth slices and determine its regeneration potential. We evaluated two different protocols applied to tooth slices obtained from human healthy third molars. The extracellular matrix scaffold decellularized using sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X-100, which are effective in removing nuclear components, was demonstrated to preserve an intact structure and composition. Furthermore, the decellularized scaffold could support repopulation of PDL stem cells near the cementum and expressed cementum and periodontal-ligament-related genes. These results show that decellularized PDL scaffolds of human teeth are capable of inducing the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, thus having regeneration potential for use in future periodontal regenerative tissue engineering.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cell Differentiation; Extracellular Matrix; Female; Humans; Male; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontium; Regeneration; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 31415652
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221236 -
Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 2017The epithelial rests of Malassez (ERM) represent a group of cells in the periodontal ligament classically consisting of latent or quiescent structures associated with... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION:
The epithelial rests of Malassez (ERM) represent a group of cells in the periodontal ligament classically consisting of latent or quiescent structures associated with pathological processes. However, recent evidence shows that these structures cannot be considered only as cellular debris. The ERM is a major tissue structure, with functions in maintaining the homeostasis of periodontal tissue, including the maintenance of orthodontic movement.
OBJECTIVE:
The present literature review aims at presenting the potential functions of ERM, with emphasis on orthodontic movement and the functional structure of the periodontium.
CONCLUSION:
ERM cells have a functional activity in modulation of orthodontic movement, trough their potential for differentiation, maintenance functions and the capacity of repairing periodontium.
Topics: Epithelial Cells; Humans; Periodontal Ligament; Tooth Movement Techniques
PubMed: 28746495
DOI: 10.1590/2177-6709.22.3.119-125.sar -
International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2022The accuracy of five failure criterions employed in the study of periodontal ligaments (PDL) during periodontal breakdown under orthodontic movements was assessed. Based...
The accuracy of five failure criterions employed in the study of periodontal ligaments (PDL) during periodontal breakdown under orthodontic movements was assessed. Based on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) examinations, nine 3D models of the second lower premolar with intact periodontium were created and individually subjected to various levels of horizontal bone loss. 0.5 N of intrusion, extrusion, rotation, tipping, and translation was applied. A finite Elements Analysis (FEA) was performed, and stresses were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. In intact periodontium, Tresca and Von Mises (VM) stresses were lower than maximum physiological hydrostatic pressure (MHP), while maximum principal stress S1, minimum principal stress S3, and pressure were higher. In reduced periodontium, Tresca and VM stresses were lower than MHP for intrusion, extrusion, and the apical third of the periodontal ligament for the other movements. 0.5 N of rotation, translation and tipping induced cervical third stress exceeding MHP. Only Tresca (quantitatively more accurate) and VM are adequate for the study of PDL (resemblance to ductile), being qualitatively similar. A 0.5 N force seems safe in the intact periodontium, and for intrusion and extrusion up to 8 mm bone loss. The amount of force should be reduced to 0.1-0.2 N for rotation, 0.15-0.3 N for translation and 0.2-0.4 N for tipping in 4-8 mm periodontal breakdown. S1, S3, and pressure criteria provided only qualitative results.
Topics: Computer Simulation; Finite Element Analysis; Models, Biological; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontium; Stress, Mechanical; Tooth Movement Techniques
PubMed: 36231719
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912424 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2021Nitric oxide (NO) binds to soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), activates it in a reduced oxidized heme iron state, and generates cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP), which...
Nitric oxide (NO) binds to soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), activates it in a reduced oxidized heme iron state, and generates cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP), which results in vasodilatation and inhibition of osteoclast activity. In inflammation, sGC is oxidized and becomes insensitive to NO. NO- and heme-independent activation of sGC requires protein expression of the α- and β-subunits. Inflammation of the periodontium induces the resorption of cementum by cementoclasts and the resorption of the alveolar bone by osteoclasts, which can lead to tooth loss. As the presence of sGC in cementoclasts is unknown, we investigated the α- and β-subunits of sGC in cementoclasts of healthy and inflamed human periodontium using double immunostaining for CD68 and cathepsin K and compared the findings with those of osteoclasts from the same sections. In comparison to cementoclasts in the healthy periodontium, cementoclasts under inflammatory conditions showed a decreased staining intensity for both α- and β-subunits of sGC, indicating reduced protein expression of these subunits. Therefore, pharmacological activation of sGC in inflamed periodontal tissues in an NO- and heme-independent manner could be considered as a new treatment strategy to inhibit cementum resorption.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Cyclic GMP; Gene Expression Regulation; Heme; Humans; Inflammation; Iron; Nitric Oxide; Osteoclasts; Oxidation-Reduction; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontium; Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase
PubMed: 33430449
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020539 -
Journal of Dental Research Jul 2016The tooth root and periodontal apparatus, including the acellular and cellular cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL), and alveolar bone, are critical for tooth function....
The tooth root and periodontal apparatus, including the acellular and cellular cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL), and alveolar bone, are critical for tooth function. Cementum and bone mineralization is regulated by factors including enzymes and extracellular matrix proteins that promote or inhibit hydroxyapatite crystal growth. Orphan Phosphatase 1 (Phospho1, PHOSPHO1) is a phosphatase expressed by chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and odontoblasts that functions in skeletal and dentin mineralization by initiating deposition of hydroxyapatite inside membrane-limited matrix vesicles. The role of PHOSPHO1 in periodontal formation remains unknown and we aimed to determine its functional importance in these tissues. We hypothesized that the enzyme would regulate proper mineralization of the periodontal apparatus. Spatiotemporal expression of PHOSPHO1 was mapped during periodontal development, and Phospho1(-/-) mice were analyzed using histology, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, radiography, and micro-computed tomography. The Phospho1 gene and PHOSPHO1 protein were expressed by active alveolar bone osteoblasts and cementoblasts during cellular cementum formation. In Phospho1(-/-) mice, acellular cementum formation and mineralization were unaffected, whereas cellular cementum deposition increased although it displayed delayed mineralization and cementoid. Phospho1(-/-) mice featured disturbances in alveolar bone mineralization, shown by accumulation of unmineralized osteoid matrix and interglobular patterns of protein deposition. Parallel to other skeletal sites, deposition of mineral-regulating protein osteopontin (OPN) was increased in alveolar bone in Phospho1(-/-) mice. In contrast to the skeleton, genetic ablation of Spp1, the gene encoding OPN, did not ameliorate dentoalveolar defects in Phospho1(-/-) mice. Despite alveolar bone mineralization defects, periodontal attachment and function appeared undisturbed in Phospho1(-/-) mice, with normal PDL architecture and no evidence of bone loss over time. This study highlights the role of PHOSPHO1 in mineralization of alveolar bone and cellular cementum, further revealing that acellular cementum formation is not substantially regulated by PHOSPHO1 and likely does not rely on matrix vesicle-mediated initiation of mineralization.
Topics: Alveolar Process; Animals; Calcification, Physiologic; Dental Cementum; Durapatite; Gene Expression; In Situ Hybridization; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Osteoblasts; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontium; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; X-Ray Microtomography
PubMed: 27016531
DOI: 10.1177/0022034516640246 -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2015Orthodontic force-induced stresses cause dynamic alterations within the extracellular matrix and within the cytoskeleton of cells in the periodontal ligament and... (Review)
Review
Orthodontic force-induced stresses cause dynamic alterations within the extracellular matrix and within the cytoskeleton of cells in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, mediating bone remodelling, ultimately enabling orthodontic tooth movement. In the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, the mechanically induced tensile strains upregulate the expression of osteogenic genes resulting in bone formation, while mechanically induced compressive strains mediate predominantly catabolic tissue changes and bone resorption. In this review article we summarize some of the currently known biological events occurring in the periodontal ligament and in the alveolar bone in response to application of orthodontic forces and how these facilitate tooth movement.
Topics: Alveolar Process; Bone Remodeling; Bone Resorption; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Orthodontic Wires; Osteoclasts; Osteogenesis; Periodontal Ligament; Signal Transduction; Stress, Mechanical; Tensile Strength; Tooth Movement Techniques; Wnt Proteins; beta Catenin
PubMed: 26421314
DOI: 10.1155/2015/876509 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2018Bone tissue engineering is based on bone grafting to repair bone defects. Bone graft substitutes can contribute to the addition of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in order...
Bone tissue engineering is based on bone grafting to repair bone defects. Bone graft substitutes can contribute to the addition of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in order to enhance the rate and the quality of defect regeneration. The stem cell secretome contains many growth factors and chemokines, which could affect cellular characteristics and behavior. Conditioned medium (CM) could be used in tissue regeneration avoiding several problems linked to the direct use of MSCs. In this study, we investigated the effect of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) and their CM on bone regeneration using a commercially available membrane scaffold Evolution (EVO) implanted in rat calvarias. EVO alone or EVO + hPDLSCs with or without CM were implanted in Wistar male rats subjected to calvarial defects. The in vivo results revealed that EVO membrane enriched with hPDLSCs and CM showed a better osteogenic ability to repair the calvarial defect. These results were confirmed by acquired micro-computed tomography (CT) images and the increased osteopontin levels. Moreover, RT-PCR in vitro revealed the upregulation of three genes (Collagen (), and transforming growth factor ()) and the down regulation of 26 genes involved in bone regeneration. These results suggest a promising potential application of CM from hPDLSCs and scaffolds for bone defect restoration and in particular for calvarial repair in case of trauma.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Differentiation; Bone Regeneration; Female; Heterografts; Humans; Male; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Periodontal Ligament; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Skull; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 29596323
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041022 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2018Periodontitis is a chronic disease that begins with a period of inflammation of the supporting tissues of the teeth table and then progresses, destroying the tissues... (Review)
Review
Periodontitis is a chronic disease that begins with a period of inflammation of the supporting tissues of the teeth table and then progresses, destroying the tissues until loss of the teeth occurs. The restoration of the damaged dental support apparatus is an extremely complex process due to the regeneration of the cementum, the periodontal ligament, and the alveolar bone. Conventional treatment relies on synthetic materials that fill defects and replace lost dental tissue, but these approaches are not substitutes for a real regeneration of tissue. To address this, there are several approaches to tissue engineering for regenerative dentistry, among them, the use of stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can be obtained from various sources of adult tissues, such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, skin, and tissues of the orofacial area. MSC of dental origin, such as those found in the bone marrow, have immunosuppressive and immunotolerant properties, multipotency, high proliferation rates, and the capacity for tissue repair. However, they are poorly used as sources of tissue for therapeutic purposes. Their accessibility makes them an attractive source of mesenchymal stem cells, so this review describes the field of dental stem cell research and proposes a potential mechanism involved in periodontal tissue regeneration induced by dental MSC.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontitis; Periodontium
PubMed: 29565801
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040944 -
Cell Proliferation Mar 2024This study aimed to explore the osteogenic ability and mitochondrial autophagy of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) under cyclic tensile stress (CTS). Primary...
This study aimed to explore the osteogenic ability and mitochondrial autophagy of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) under cyclic tensile stress (CTS). Primary PDLSCs were isolated from the periodontal membrane and cultured by passage. Alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase detection, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Western blotting were used to detect the osteogenic differentiation level of PDLSCs. Mitochondrial autophagy in PDLSCs after CTS was measured using a mitochondrial autophagy detection kit, and the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins LC3B, LAMP1 and Beclin1 were measured using cellular immunofluorescence technology, RT-PCR and Western blot. After applying CTS, the osteogenic differentiation ability of PDLSCs was significantly improved, and the expression of alkaline phosphatase on the surface of the cell membrane and the formation of calcium nodules in PDLSCs were significantly increased respectively. We also studied the relevant mechanism of action and found that applying CTS can promote the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs and is related to the activation of mitochondrial autophagy. This study provides new insights into the mechanism of increased osteogenic differentiation on the tension side of orthodontic teeth and provides new experimental evidence for the involvement of mitochondrial autophagy in the regulation of osteogenic differentiation.
Topics: Osteogenesis; Periodontal Ligament; Alkaline Phosphatase; Stem Cells; Autophagy
PubMed: 37833824
DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13561