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Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Dec 2017The high incidence of pertussis in vaccinated adolescents suggests the failing of immune memory. We argue that acellular pertussis vaccines generate memory cells that... (Review)
Review
The high incidence of pertussis in vaccinated adolescents suggests the failing of immune memory. We argue that acellular pertussis vaccines generate memory cells that are effectively reactivated by boosters better than by exposure. We propose that there are two main causes. One is the induction of vaccine-specific immunity rather than pathogen-specific immunity. The second is that strictly mucosal infections such as poorly reactivate memory B and T cells residing deep in lymph nodes or tissues. Developing new vaccines for infants or adolescents will be immunologically and economically challenging. Let us hope that maternal and infant immunization, to date the most effective strategies against pertussis death, will remain so.
Topics: Adolescent; Animals; B-Lymphocytes; Bordetella pertussis; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Immunologic Memory; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Lymph Nodes; Mucous Membrane; Pertussis Vaccine; T-Lymphocytes; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 28289058
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029629 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Feb 2022Despite considerable progress in the understanding of clinical pertussis, the contemporary emergence of antimicrobial resistance for Bordetella pertussis and an... (Review)
Review
Despite considerable progress in the understanding of clinical pertussis, the contemporary emergence of antimicrobial resistance for Bordetella pertussis and an evolution of concerns with acellular component vaccination have both sparked a renewed interest. Although simian models of infection best correlate with the observed attributes of human infection, several animal models have been used for decades and have positively contributed in many ways to the related science. Nevertheless, there is yet the lack of a reliable small animal model system that mimics the combination of infection genesis, variable upper and lower respiratory infection, systemic effects, infection resolution, and vaccine responses. This narrative review examines the history and attributes of non-primate animal models for pertussis and places context with the current use and needs. Emerging from the latter is the necessity for further such study to better create the optimal model of infection and vaccination with use of current molecular tools and a broader range of animal systems. KEY POINTS: • Currently used and past non-primate animal models of B. pertussis infection often have unique and focused applications. • A non-primate animal model that consistently mimics human pertussis for the majority of key infection characteristics is lacking. • There remains ample opportunity for an improved non-primate animal model of pertussis with the use of current molecular biology tools and with further exploration of species not previously considered.
Topics: Animals; Bordetella pertussis; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Pertussis Vaccine; Vaccination; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 35103810
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11798-1 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Resurgence of pertussis, caused by Bordetella pertussis, necessitates novel vaccines and vaccination strategies to combat this disease. Alum-adjuvanted acellular...
Systemic priming and intranasal booster with a BcfA-adjuvanted acellular pertussis vaccine generates CD4+ IL-17+ nasal tissue resident T cells and reduces nasal colonization.
INTRODUCTION
Resurgence of pertussis, caused by Bordetella pertussis, necessitates novel vaccines and vaccination strategies to combat this disease. Alum-adjuvanted acellular pertussis vaccines (aPV) delivered intramuscularly reduce bacterial numbers in the lungs of immunized animals and humans, but do not reduce nasal colonization. Thus, aPV-immunized individuals are sources of community transmission. We showed previously that modification of a commercial aPV (Boostrix) by addition of the Th1/17 polarizing adjuvant Bordetella Colonization Factor A (BcfA) attenuated Th2 responses elicited by alum and accelerated clearance of B. pertussis from mouse lungs. Here we tested whether a heterologous immunization strategy with systemic priming and mucosal booster (prime-pull) would reduce nasal colonization.
METHODS
Adult male and female mice were immunized intramuscularly (i.m.) with aPV or aPV/BcfA and boosted either i.m. or intranasally (i.n.) with the same formulation. Tissue-resident memory (TRM) responses in the respiratory tract were quantified by flow cytometry, and mucosal and systemic antibodies were quantified by ELISA. Immunized and naïve mice were challenged i.n. with Bordetella pertussis and bacterial load in the nose and lungs enumerated at days 1-14 post-challenge.
RESULTS
We show that prime-pull immunization with Boostrix plus BcfA (aPV/BcfA) generated IFNγ+ and IL-17+ CD4+ lung resident memory T cells (TRM), and CD4+IL-17+ TRM in the nose. In contrast, aPV alone delivered by the same route generated IL-5+ CD4+ resident memory T cells in the lungs and nose. Importantly, nasal colonization was only reduced in mice immunized with aPV/BcfA by the prime-pull regimen.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that TH17 polarized TRM generated by aPV/BcfA may reduce nasal colonization thereby preventing pertussis transmission and subsequent resurgence.
Topics: Animals; Female; Male; Mice; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; Bordetella pertussis; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Interleukin-17; Pertussis Vaccine; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 37275891
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1181876 -
American Journal of Preventive Medicine Jan 2021India's childhood vaccination coverage has increased amid the implementation of national health policies intended to improve immunization levels. However, there is a...
INTRODUCTION
India's childhood vaccination coverage has increased amid the implementation of national health policies intended to improve immunization levels. However, there is a dearth of contemporary studies comparing state-level childhood vaccination rates across India's highly diverse states and territories. This study assesses SES-based inequalities in childhood vaccination by state for 2002-2013.
METHODS
National surveys from 2002 to 2004, 2007 to 2008, and 2012 to 2013 were used for analyses. Household SES was assessed using an asset index created through principal component analysis. Full vaccination comprised 1 dose bacille Calmette-Guerin, 3 doses diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine, 3 doses oral polio vaccine, and 1 dose measles-containing vaccine at age 12-60 months. Inequality analyses were stratified by 3 time periods and by government-designated high focus group versus non-high focus group states.
RESULTS
Childhood vaccination steadily increased between 2002 and 2013 in high focus group states but fell in some non-high focus group states, whereas SES-based vaccination inequalities generally decreased in both. In 2012-2013, rural areas had lower vaccination rates than urban areas in high focus group states but similar vaccination rates as urban areas in non-high focus group states. Increases in vaccination rates were not consistently accompanied by improvements in SES-based inequalities in vaccination.
CONCLUSIONS
Childhood vaccination in India has improved overall, although increases are more pronounced in high focus group states than in non-high focus group states over the study period. The gap in coverage between these states decreased over time owing in part to the latter experiencing reductions in full vaccination rates during 2007-2013. SES-based vaccination disparities persist in India, highlighting the need to improve vaccination rates for all children, especially those from disadvantaged and underserved groups.
SUPPLEMENT INFORMATION
This article is part of a supplement entitled Global Vaccination Equity, which is sponsored by the Global Institute for Vaccine Equity at the University of Michigan School of Public Health.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; Humans; Immunization Programs; India; Infant; Vaccination; Vaccination Coverage
PubMed: 33097336
DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.034 -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Dec 2017Memory responses seen after whole-cell pertussis (wP) and acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine priming are different and reflect better long-term protection against... (Review)
Review
Memory responses seen after whole-cell pertussis (wP) and acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine priming are different and reflect better long-term protection against pertussis disease seen with the whole-cell vaccines. Although acellular vaccines generate higher levels of antigen-specific IgG to the antigens included in the aP vaccines, there are many more pertussis antigens included in whole-cell vaccines. Acellular vaccine priming is associated with skewing of the immune response to a more Th2-like response, whereas whole-cell priming is associated with a Th1/Th17 response. Repeated booster doses of acellular vaccine in children primed with acellular vaccine has been shown to result in progressively shorter duration of protection against disease. This may be explained by the generation of higher levels of antigen-specific IgG4, which does not bind complement and leads to a suboptimal inflammatory response and impaired phagocytosis and antimicrobial defense. In contrast, whole-cell priming followed by aP vaccine boosters results in better opsonization, phagocytosis, and complement mediated killing through the preferential induction of IgG1.
Topics: Child; Cytokines; Humans; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Immunoglobulin G; Immunologic Memory; Lymphocytes; Pertussis Vaccine; Phagocytosis; Th1 Cells; Th2 Cells; Vaccines, Acellular; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 28289059
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029553 -
Scientific Reports May 2023Autoagglutination (Agg) of Bordetella pertussis is often observed in clinical laboratory. However, its causal factors and frequency in circulating strains are unknown....
Autoagglutination (Agg) of Bordetella pertussis is often observed in clinical laboratory. However, its causal factors and frequency in circulating strains are unknown. Repeated single colony isolation enabled us to detect an Agg mutant in the supernatant of an Agg strain of B. pertussis. Whole-genome sequencing and immunoblot analysis disclosed that the Agg mutant had a single C-deletion in its fim3 promoter region (Pfim3) which abolished Fim3 fimbriae production. A B. pertussis fim3-knock out mutant also lacked the Agg phenotype. Agg clinical isolates were detected a higher production of Fim3 than Fim3-producing Agg isolates. B. pertussis is known to harbor multiple Pfim3 poly(C) lengths within a single strain culture and our newly developed PCR/LDR assay revealed that Agg isolates harbor the highest Pfim3 poly-14C abundance. We evaluated the frequency of autoagglutination in clinical B. pertussis isolates collected in Japan between 1994 and 2018 (n = 203). Fim3 production was confirmed for 190 isolates and 74.7% of them displayed the Agg phenotype. The Agg phenotype was strongly associated with Pfim3 poly-14C abundance. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that B. pertussis autoagglutination occurs in response to high Fim3 levels and the Agg strain has predominated in Japan over the past two decades.
Topics: Humans; Bordetella pertussis; Whooping Cough; Fimbriae, Bacterial; Phenotype; Pertussis Vaccine
PubMed: 37165008
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34672-0 -
International Journal of Infectious... Oct 2019Pertussis is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. Infants and young children are particularly at risk of severe and life-threatening... (Review)
Review
Pertussis is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. Infants and young children are particularly at risk of severe and life-threatening disease. Infectious older individuals may transmit Bordetella pertussis to unprotected infants. Pertussis control measures have even failed in some countries with high pertussis vaccination coverage rates, leading to increased incidence rates. In 2014, this caused the World Health Organization to declare pertussis resurgent in some countries and led to recommendations regarding pertussis surveillance and national immunization programs. Despite the resurgence of pertussis, epidemiology of the disease in Southeast Asia has received little attention. In this narrative review, we describe pertussis surveillance systems, control measures, epidemiologic trends, and region-specific pertussis research in Southeast Asia. We also make recommendations for the intensification of pertussis surveillance and research in the region.
Topics: Asia, Southeastern; Bordetella pertussis; Humans; Immunization Programs; Pertussis Vaccine; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 31369823
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.07.016 -
Saudi Medical Journal Oct 2014Pertussis or whooping cough is a highly infectious, vaccine preventable disease. The incidence of the disease has greatly been reduced since the introduction of the... (Review)
Review
Pertussis or whooping cough is a highly infectious, vaccine preventable disease. The incidence of the disease has greatly been reduced since the introduction of the diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis vaccine. Pertussis resurgence has been observed in highly vaccinated populations of Western countries since 1990s. Poor vaccine quality, waning vaccine induced immunity, pathogen adaptation, and enhanced surveillance as well as advancements in diagnostic facilities are some of the reasons considered responsible for the increased reporting of pertussis cases. Pertussis may have been ignored and unnoticed due to its atypical manifestations in partially immunized population or people with waning immunity. We review the reports of pertussis resurgence from different countries and attempt to investigate reasons behind the reappearance of the disease. Pertussis is still an under reported disease and the available data from the developing countries is not a true picture of the story. Therefore, developing countries need to improve their surveillance systems.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Developed Countries; Developing Countries; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines; Disease Outbreaks; Global Health; Humans; Immunization, Secondary; Infant; Pertussis Vaccine; Whooping Cough; Young Adult
PubMed: 25316461
DOI: No ID Found -
Pathogens and Disease Nov 2015The incidence of whooping cough caused by Bordetella pertussis in many developed countries has risen dramatically in recent years. This has been linked to the use of an... (Review)
Review
The incidence of whooping cough caused by Bordetella pertussis in many developed countries has risen dramatically in recent years. This has been linked to the use of an acellular pertussis vaccine. In addition, it is thought that B. pertussis is adapting under acellular vaccine mediated immune selection pressure, towards vaccine escape. Genomics-based approaches have revolutionized the ability to resolve the fine structure of the global B. pertussis population and its evolution during the era of vaccination. Here, we discuss the current picture of B. pertussis evolution and diversity in the light of the current resurgence, highlight import questions raised by recent studies in this area and discuss the role that functional genomics can play in addressing current knowledge gaps.
Topics: Bordetella pertussis; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Variation; Genome, Bacterial; Genomics; Global Health; Humans; Pertussis Vaccine; Selection, Genetic; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 26297914
DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv064 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Mar 2021Pertussis is a vaccine-preventable disease, and its recent resurgence might be attributable to the emergence of strains that differ genetically from the vaccine strain....
Pertussis is a vaccine-preventable disease, and its recent resurgence might be attributable to the emergence of strains that differ genetically from the vaccine strain. We describe a novel pertussis isolate-based surveillance system and a core genome multilocus sequence typing scheme to assess Bordetella pertussis genetic variability and investigate the increased incidence of pertussis in Austria. During 2018-2020, we obtained 123 B. pertussis isolates and typed them with the new scheme (2,983 targets and preliminary cluster threshold of <6 alleles). B. pertussis isolates in Austria differed genetically from the vaccine strain, both in their core genomes and in their vaccine antigen genes; 31.7% of the isolates were pertactin-deficient. We detected 8 clusters, 1 of them with pertactin-deficient isolates and possibly part of a local outbreak. National expansion of the isolate-based surveillance system is needed to implement pertussis-control strategies.
Topics: Alleles; Austria; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Bordetella pertussis; Humans; Pertussis Vaccine; Virulence Factors, Bordetella; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 33622477
DOI: 10.3201/eid2703.202314