-
European Journal of Pharmacology Aug 2018Pharmacology is one of the cornerstones in health sciences curricula as well as research-oriented biomedical programs in higher education. New educational insights and... (Review)
Review
Pharmacology is one of the cornerstones in health sciences curricula as well as research-oriented biomedical programs in higher education. New educational insights and scientific developments in teaching and learning, as well as exciting discoveries in pharmacology research, must prompt pharmacology teachers to regularly rethink and adjust their teaching. Reflecting on pharmacology education, this paper touches upon some educational issues that might inspire readers of this journal who are involved in pharmacology teaching.
Topics: Curriculum; Education, Professional; Humans; Learning; Medication Errors; Pharmacology; Teaching
PubMed: 29935169
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.06.032 -
Pharmacological Research Dec 2016
Topics: Animals; Dopamine Agonists; Dopamine Antagonists; Drug Discovery; Humans; Pharmacology; Retinal Degeneration; Systems Analysis
PubMed: 27720767
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.026 -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics Aug 2015
Topics: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Child; Humans
PubMed: 25959120
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.05.017 -
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Jan 2015Clinical pharmacology is concerned with understanding how to use medicines to treat disease. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics have provided powerful methodologies... (Review)
Review
Clinical pharmacology is concerned with understanding how to use medicines to treat disease. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics have provided powerful methodologies for describing the time course of concentration and effect in individuals and in populations. This population approach may also be applied to describing the progression of disease and the action of drugs to change disease progress. Quantitative models for symptomatic and disease-modifying effects of drugs are valuable not only for describing drugs and diseases but also for identifying criteria to distinguish between types of drug actions, with implications for regulatory decisions and long-term patient care.
Topics: Disease Progression; Drug Therapy; Humans; Models, Biological; Pharmacology, Clinical
PubMed: 23713816
DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12170 -
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Jan 2019Online learning, an essential component of most traditional contact-based educational programs, must be of high quality to contribute effectively to learning. The... (Review)
Review
Online learning, an essential component of most traditional contact-based educational programs, must be of high quality to contribute effectively to learning. The availability of first-class web-based materials is particularly valued by both learners and educators in resource-poor nations. In this Practice article, we introduce the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) Pharmacology Education Project (PEP) (https://www.pharmacologyeducation.org/), a freely accessible online learning resource intended to support education and training in pharmacological sciences worldwide.
Topics: Education, Distance; Humans; Internationality; Pharmacology
PubMed: 30588614
DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1278 -
Psychological Medicine Dec 2023Psychotropic medication efficacy and tolerability are critical treatment issues faced by individuals with psychiatric disorders and their healthcare providers. For some... (Review)
Review
Psychotropic medication efficacy and tolerability are critical treatment issues faced by individuals with psychiatric disorders and their healthcare providers. For some people, it can take months to years of a trial-and-error process to identify a medication with the ideal efficacy and tolerability profile. Current strategies (e.g. clinical practice guidelines, treatment algorithms) for addressing this issue can be useful at the population level, but often fall short at the individual level. This is, in part, attributed to interindividual variation in genes that are involved in pharmacokinetic (i.e. absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination) and pharmacodynamic (e.g. receptors, signaling pathways) processes that in large part, determine whether a medication will be efficacious or tolerable. A precision prescribing strategy know as pharmacogenomics (PGx) assesses these genomic variations, and uses it to inform selection and dosing of certain psychotropic medications. In this review, we describe the path that led to the emergence of PGx in psychiatry, the current evidence base and implementation status of PGx in the psychiatric clinic, and finally, the future growth potential of precision psychiatry via the convergence of the PGx-guided strategy with emerging technologies and approaches (i.e. pharmacoepigenomics, pharmacomicrobiomics, pharmacotranscriptomics, pharmacoproteomics, pharmacometabolomics) to personalize treatment of psychiatric disorders.
Topics: Humans; Pharmacogenetics; Psychiatry; Mental Disorders; Psychotropic Drugs; Algorithms
PubMed: 37772416
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291723002817 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2023A concise review covering updated presence and role of 2-phenethylamines in medicinal chemistry is presented. Open-chain, flexible alicyclic amine derivatives of this... (Review)
Review
A concise review covering updated presence and role of 2-phenethylamines in medicinal chemistry is presented. Open-chain, flexible alicyclic amine derivatives of this motif are enumerated in key therapeutic targets, listing medicinal chemistry hits and appealing screening compounds. Latest reports in discovering new bioactive 2-phenethylamines by research groups are covered too.
Topics: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Phenethylamines; Receptors, Dopamine D2
PubMed: 36677913
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020855 -
Rejuvenation Research Dec 2015The main goal of this paper is to present the case for shifting the focus of research on aging and anti-aging from lifespan pharmacology to what I like to call...
The main goal of this paper is to present the case for shifting the focus of research on aging and anti-aging from lifespan pharmacology to what I like to call healthspan pharmacology, in which the desired outcome is the extension of healthy years of life rather than lifespan alone. Lifespan could be influenced by both genetic and epigenetic factors, but a long lifespan may not be a good indicator of an optimal healthspan. Without improving healthspan, prolonging longevity would have enormous negative socioeconomic outcomes for humans. Therefore, the goal of aging and anti-aging research should be to add healthy years to life and not merely to increase the chronological age. This article summarizes and compares two categories of pharmacologically induced lifespan extension studies in animal model systems from the last two decades-those reporting the effects of pharmacological interventions on lifespan extension alone versus others that include their effects on both lifespan and healthspan in the analysis. The conclusion is that the extrapolation of pharmacological results from animal studies to humans is likely to be more relevant when both lifespan and healthspan extension properties of pharmacological intervention are taken into account.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Longevity; Pharmacology
PubMed: 26444965
DOI: 10.1089/rej.2015.1774 -
Drug Metabolism and Personalized Therapy Sep 2016The experience of chronic pain is one of the commonest reasons for seeking medical attention, being a major issue in clinical practice. While pain is a universal... (Review)
Review
The experience of chronic pain is one of the commonest reasons for seeking medical attention, being a major issue in clinical practice. While pain is a universal experience, only a small proportion of people who felt pain develop pain syndromes. In addition, painkillers are associated with wide inter-individual variability in the analgesic response. This may be partly explained by the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes encoding molecular entities involved in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. However, uptake of this information has been slow due in large part to the lack of robust evidences demonstrating clinical utility. Furthermore, novel therapies, including targeting of epigenetic changes and gene therapy-based approaches are further broadening future options for the treatment of chronic pain. The aim of this article is to review the evidences behind pharmacogenetics (PGx) to individualize therapy (boosting the efficacy and minimizing potential toxicity) and genes implicated in pain medicine, in two parts: (i) genetic variability with pain sensitivity and analgesic response; and (ii) pharmacological concepts applied on PGx.
Topics: Humans; Pain Management; Pharmacogenetics; Precision Medicine
PubMed: 27662648
DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2016-0005 -
American Society of Clinical Oncology... 2016The complex nature of the pharmacologic aspects of cancer therapeutics has become more apparent in the past several years with the arrival of a cascade of target-based... (Review)
Review
The complex nature of the pharmacologic aspects of cancer therapeutics has become more apparent in the past several years with the arrival of a cascade of target-based agents and the difficult challenge of bringing individualized precision medicine to oncology. Interpatient variability in drug action, singularly in novel agents, is in part caused by pharmacogenomic (PG), pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic (PD) factors, and drug selection and dosing should take this into consideration to optimize the benefit for our patients in terms of antitumor activity and treatment tolerance. In this regard, somatic genetic evaluation of tumors is useful in not only predicting response to initial targeted therapies but also in anticipating and guiding therapy after the development of acquired resistance; therapeutic drug monitoring of novel small molecules and monoclonal antibodies must be incorporated in our day-to-day practice to minimize the negative effect on clinical outcome of interindividual variability on pharmacokinetic processes of these drugs for all patients, but especially for fragile patient populations and those with organ dysfunction or comorbidities. For these populations, incorporating frailty assessment tools into trials of newer agents and validating frailty-based dose adjustment should be an important part of further drug development.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antineoplastic Agents; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Neoplasms; Pharmacogenetics
PubMed: 27249721
DOI: 10.1200/EDBK_159061