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Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2024
Topics: Periodicals as Topic; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
PubMed: 38684423
DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c24-e7204 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2022This editorial summarizes the 12 scientific papers published in the Special Issue "Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology of Transporters for Organic Cations 2 [...].
This editorial summarizes the 12 scientific papers published in the Special Issue "Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology of Transporters for Organic Cations 2 [...].
Topics: Biochemistry; Cations; Membrane Transport Proteins; Pharmacology
PubMed: 35683007
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116328 -
Biochemical Pharmacology Jul 2018Methadone is a synthetic, long-acting opioid with a single chiral center forming two enantiomers, (R)-methadone and (S)-methadone, each having specific pharmacological... (Review)
Review
Methadone is a synthetic, long-acting opioid with a single chiral center forming two enantiomers, (R)-methadone and (S)-methadone, each having specific pharmacological actions. Concentrations of (R)- and (S)-methadone above therapeutic levels have the ability to cause serious, life-threatening, and fatal side effects. This toxicity can be due in part to the pharmacogenetics of an individual, which influences the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the drug. Methadone is primarily metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, predominately by CYP2B6, followed by CYP3A4, 2C19, 2D6, and to a lesser extent, CYP2C18, 3A7, 2C8, 2C9, 3A5, and 1A2. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within CYPs have the potential to play an important role in altering methadone metabolism and pharmacodynamics. Several SNPs in the CYP2B6, 3A4, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A5 genes result in increases in methadone plasma concentrations, decreased N-demethylation, and decreased methadone clearance. In particular, carriers of CYP2B6*6/*6 may have a greater risk for detrimental adverse effects, as methadone metabolism and clearance are diminished in these individuals. CYP2B6*4, on the other hand, has been observed to decrease plasma concentrations of methadone due to increased methadone clearance. The involvement, contribution, and understanding the role of SNPs in CYP2B6, and other CYP genes, in methadone metabolism can improve the therapeutic uses of methadone in patient outcome and the development of personalized medicine.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Humans; Methadone; Opioid-Related Disorders; Pharmacogenetics; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
PubMed: 29458047
DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.020 -
Trends in Pharmacological Sciences Nov 2020Central nervous system (CNS) drug development has been plagued by a failure to translate effective therapies from the lab to the clinic. There are many potential reasons... (Review)
Review
Central nervous system (CNS) drug development has been plagued by a failure to translate effective therapies from the lab to the clinic. There are many potential reasons for this, including poor understanding of brain pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) factors, preclinical study flaws, clinical trial design issues, the complexity and variability of human brain diseases, as well as species differences. To address some of these problems, we have developed a platform for CNS drug discovery comprising: drug screening of primary adult human brain cells; human brain tissue microarray analysis of drug targets; and high-content phenotypic screening methods. In this opinion, I summarise the theoretical basis and the practical development and use of this platform in CNS drug discovery.
Topics: Animals; Brain Diseases; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Humans; Neuropharmacology; Translational Research, Biomedical
PubMed: 32994050
DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.09.002 -
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Jan 2016A drug-drug interaction (DDI) occurs when one or more drugs affect the pharmacokinetics (the body's effect on the drug) and/or pharmacodynamics (the drug's effect on the... (Review)
Review
A drug-drug interaction (DDI) occurs when one or more drugs affect the pharmacokinetics (the body's effect on the drug) and/or pharmacodynamics (the drug's effect on the body) of one or more other drugs. Pharmacoepidemiologic studies are the principal way of studying the health effects of potential DDIs. This article discusses aspects of pharmacoepidemiologic research designs that are particularly salient to the design and interpretation of pharmacoepidemiologic studies of DDIs.
Topics: Drug Interactions; Epidemiologic Research Design; Humans; Pharmacoepidemiology
PubMed: 26479278
DOI: 10.1002/cpt.277 -
Daru : Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy,... Dec 2021The main objective of the present review is to explore and examine the effectiveness of currently developed novel techniques to resolve the issues which are associated... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
The main objective of the present review is to explore and examine the effectiveness of currently developed novel techniques to resolve the issues which are associated with the herbal constituents/extract.
METHODS
A systematic thorough search and collection of reviewed information from Science direct, PubMed and Google Scholar databases based on various sets of key phrases have been performed. All the findings from these data have been studied and briefed based on their relevant and irrelevant information.
RESULT
Herbal drugs are gaining more popularity in the modern world due to their applications in curing various ailments with minimum toxic effects, side effect or adverse effect. However, various challenges exist with herbal extracts/plant actives such as poor solubility (water/lipid), poor permeation, lack of targeting specificity, instability in highly acidic pH, and liver metabolism, etc. Nowadays with the expansion in the technology, novel drug delivery system provides avenues and newer opportunity towards the delivery of herbal drugs with improved physical chemical properties, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic. Developing nano-strategies like Polymeric nanoparticles, Liposomes, Niosomes, Microspheres, Phytosomes, Nanoemulsion and Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System, etc. imparts benefits for delivery of phyto formulation and herbal bioactives. Nano formulation of phytoconstituents/ herbal extract could lead to enhancement of aqueous solubility, dissolution, bioavailability, stability, reduce toxicity, permeation, sustained delivery, protection from enzymatic degradation, etc. CONCLUSION: Based on the above findings, the conclusion can be drawn that the nano sized novel drug delivery systems of herbal and herbal bioactives have a potential future for upgrading the pharmacological action and defeating or overcoming the issues related with these constituents. The aims of the present review was to summarize and critically analyze the recent development of nano sized strategies for promising phytochemicals delivery systems along with their therapeutic applications supported by experimental evidence and discussing the opportunities for further aspects.
Topics: Biological Availability; Drug Delivery Systems; Herbal Medicine; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Liver; Phytochemicals
PubMed: 34327650
DOI: 10.1007/s40199-021-00403-x -
Drug Discovery Today Sep 2015Measuring key pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters in vivo at the single cell level is likely to enhance drug discovery and development. In this review, we... (Review)
Review
Measuring key pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters in vivo at the single cell level is likely to enhance drug discovery and development. In this review, we summarize recent advances in this field and highlight current and future capabilities.
Topics: Animals; Drug Design; Drug Discovery; Humans; Models, Biological; Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacology; Single-Cell Analysis
PubMed: 26024776
DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.05.011 -
Neuropsychopharmacology : Official... Dec 2015
Topics: History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U.S.); Pharmacology; United States
PubMed: 26548765
DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.303 -
Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery Sep 2014The formulation and delivery of biopharmaceutical drugs, such as monoclonal antibodies and recombinant proteins, poses substantial challenges owing to their large size... (Review)
Review
The formulation and delivery of biopharmaceutical drugs, such as monoclonal antibodies and recombinant proteins, poses substantial challenges owing to their large size and susceptibility to degradation. In this Review we highlight recent advances in formulation and delivery strategies--such as the use of microsphere-based controlled-release technologies, protein modification methods that make use of polyethylene glycol and other polymers, and genetic manipulation of biopharmaceutical drugs--and discuss their advantages and limitations. We also highlight current and emerging delivery routes that provide an alternative to injection, including transdermal, oral and pulmonary delivery routes. In addition, the potential of targeted and intracellular protein delivery is discussed.
Topics: Animals; Biopharmaceutics; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans
PubMed: 25103255
DOI: 10.1038/nrd4363 -
Deutsches Arzteblatt International Jul 2019As the elderly population increases, so, too, does the number of multimorbid patients and the risk of polypharmacy. The consequences include drug interactions, undesired... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
As the elderly population increases, so, too, does the number of multimorbid patients and the risk of polypharmacy. The consequences include drug interactions, undesired side effects of medication, health impairment, and the need for hospital- ization. 5-10% of hospital admissions among the elderly are attributable to undesired side effects of medication.
METHODS
This review is based on publications retrieved by a selective search in PubMed and the Cochrane Library that employed the search terms "drug interaction," "undesired side effect," "polypharmacy," "pharmacokinetics," and "pharmacody- namics."
RESULTS
Elderly patients are particularly at risk of polypharmacy, both because of the prevalence of multimorbidity in old age and because of physicians' uncritical implementation of guidelines. The more drugs a person takes, the greater the risk of drug interactions and undesired side effects. Age-associated changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics elevate this risk as well. Physicians prescribing drugs for elderly patients need to know about the drugs' catabolic pathways, protein binding, and inductive and inhibitory effects on cytochrome P450 in order to avoid drug interactions and polypharmacy.
CONCLUSION
Multiple aids and instruments are available to ensure practical and reasonable drug monitoring, so that the risks of drug interactions and undesired side effects can be detected early and avoided.
Topics: Aged; Drug Interactions; Drug Therapy; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Multimorbidity; Polypharmacy; Psychopharmacology
PubMed: 31452508
DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2019.0508