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Environmental Science and Pollution... Sep 2022During the past few decades, the treatment of hazardous waste and toxic phenolic compounds has become a major issue in the pharmaceutical, gas/oil, dying, and chemical...
During the past few decades, the treatment of hazardous waste and toxic phenolic compounds has become a major issue in the pharmaceutical, gas/oil, dying, and chemical industries. Considering polymerization and oxidation of phenolic compounds, supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) has gained special attention. The present study objective was to synthesize a novel in situ FeOnano-catalyst in a counter-current mixing reactor by supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) method to evaluate the phenol oxidation and COD reduction at different operation conditions like oxidant ratios and concentrations. Synthesized nano-catalyst was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). TEM results revealed the maximum average particle size of 26.18 and 16.20 nm for preheated and non-preheated oxidant configuration, respectively. XRD showed the clear peaks of hematite at a 2θ value of 24, 33, 35.5, 49.5, 54, 62, and 64 for both catalysts treated preheated and non-preheated oxidant configurations. The maximum COD reduction and phenol oxidation of about 93.5% and 99.9% were observed at an oxidant ratio of 1.5, 0.75 s, 25 MPa, and 380 °C with a non-preheated HO oxidant, while in situ formed FeOnano-catalyst showed the maximum phenol oxidation of 99.9% at 0.75 s, 1.5 oxidant ratio, 25 MPa, and 380 °C. Similarly, in situ formed FeO catalyst presented the highest COD reduction of 97.8% at 40 mM phenol concentration, 1.0 oxidant ratio, 0.75 s residence time, 380 °C, and 25 MPa. It is concluded and recommended that SCWO is a feasible and cost-effective alternative method for the destruction of contaminants in water which showed the complete conversion of phenol within less than 1 s and 1.5 oxidant ratio.
Topics: Catalysis; Hydrogen Peroxide; Oxidants; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenol; Phenols; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Purification
PubMed: 34559388
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16390-0 -
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology... Jan 2021Somapacitan is a long-acting growth hormone (GH) in development for once-weekly treatment of GH deficiency (GHD). Optimal monitoring of insulin-like growth factor-I...
CONTEXT
Somapacitan is a long-acting growth hormone (GH) in development for once-weekly treatment of GH deficiency (GHD). Optimal monitoring of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels must account for weekly IGF-I fluctuations following somapacitan administration.
OBJECTIVE
To develop and assess the reliability of linear models for predicting mean and peak IGF-I levels from samples taken on different days after dosing.
DESIGN
A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model was used to simulate IGF-I data in adults and children following weekly somapacitan treatment of GHD.
SETTING AND PATIENTS
39 200 IGF-I profiles were simulated with reference to data from 26 adults and 23 children with GHD.
INTERVENTION(S)
The simulated dose range was 0.02 to 0.12 mg/kg for adults and 0.02 to 0.16 mg/kg for children. Simulated data with >4 average standard deviation score were excluded.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)
Linear models for predicting mean and peak IGF-I levels based on IGF-I samples from different days after somapacitan dose.
RESULTS
Robust linear relationships were found between IGF-I sampled on any day after somapacitan dose and the weekly mean (R2 > 0.94) and peak (R2 > 0.84). Prediction uncertainties were generally low when predicting mean from samples taken on any day (residual standard deviation [RSD] ≤ 0.36) and peak from samples taken on day 1 to 4 (RSD ≤ 0.34). IGF-I monitoring on day 4 and day 2 after dose provided the most accurate estimate of IGF-I mean (RSD < 0.2) and peak (RSD < 0.1), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Linear models provided a simple and reliable tool to aid optimal monitoring of IGF-I by predicting mean and peak IGF-I levels based on an IGF-I sample following dosing of somapacitan. A short visual summary of our work is available (1).
Topics: Adult; Child; Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Monitoring; Follow-Up Studies; Growth Disorders; Histidine; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Mannitol; Phenol; Prognosis; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Retrospective Studies; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 33313798
DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa775 -
Food Chemistry Mar 2023Heating of either 3,5-heptadien-2-one or 2,6-heptanedione in the presence of ammonia produced 2,6-dimethylpyridine, and also 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one for the second...
Heating of either 3,5-heptadien-2-one or 2,6-heptanedione in the presence of ammonia produced 2,6-dimethylpyridine, and also 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one for the second ketone. When phenolics were present, inhibition of pyridine formation was only observed in mixtures of 3,5-heptadien-2-one and resorcinol. This inhibition was due to the formation of ketone-resorcinol adducts, which were isolated and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) as 2,4-dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-2,6-methanobenzo[d][1,3]dioxocin-9-ol and 1-(7-hydroxy-4-methylchroman-2-yl)propan-2-one. The other assayed phenolics increased pyridine formation. This increase was mainly observed in the presence of oxygen, at slightly basic pH values, depended on time, temperature, and the phenolic concentration, and had an activation energy of 56.8 kJ/mol for the formation of 2,6-dimethylpyridine from 2,6-heptanedione in the presence of orcinol. This increase was a consequence of the promotion by phenolics of a required aromatization step in the pyridine formation pathway. This phenolic function needs to be considered when phenolics are added to food products.
Topics: Phenol; Ketones; Phenols; Resorcinols; Pyridines
PubMed: 36252373
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134554 -
Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2021Erianin is a small chemical compound extracted from Dendrobium chrysotoxum and has excellent antineoplastic effects against a variety of cancers. Combretastatin A-4...
PURPOSE
Erianin is a small chemical compound extracted from Dendrobium chrysotoxum and has excellent antineoplastic effects against a variety of cancers. Combretastatin A-4 (CA4) is the most effective member of natural phenolic stilbene compounds isolated from the African willow tree Combretum caffrum. Ecust004 (Chemical Formula: CHNOS) is a drug candidate optimized from structure-activity relationship studies of the sulfamate derivatives of Erianin and CA4, which has better bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profiles than Erianin and CA4.
METHODS
To investigate the antitumor activity of Ecust004 in different types of breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells were treated with Ecust004. MTT and CCK8 were used to determine the effects of Ecust004 on cell proliferation. Wound-healing and Transwell assays were used to evaluate the migration and invasion level of cells treated with Ecust004. The expression of genes and proteins associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting. In vivo studies further clarified the functional effects of Ecust004.
RESULTS
Ecust004 treatment decreased the growth and proliferation of MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells at a lower dosage than Erianin. In addition, compared to Erianin and CA4, Ecust004 can better inhibit the invasion and migration of MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells. Accordingly, the expression of genes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition, such as E-cadherin and vinculin, was increased. Finally, compared with Erianin and CA4, Ecust004 exhibited a better anti-tumor activity in vivo.
CONCLUSION
Ecust004 inhibits the proliferation, invasion, and migration of breast cancer cells, and therefore represents a potential agent for development as an antitumor drug.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Bibenzyls; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; MCF-7 Cells; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Nude; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Phenol; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
PubMed: 34408399
DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S309132 -
Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the... 2019New meta-arylene ethynylene foldamers were developed by employing pyridine and phenol units. These demonstrated interesting properties related to the hydrogen-bonding... (Review)
Review
New meta-arylene ethynylene foldamers were developed by employing pyridine and phenol units. These demonstrated interesting properties related to the hydrogen-bonding behavior of the arylene units. Pyridine-acetylene-phenol foldamers showed improved saccharide recognition abilities compared with pyridine-acetylene foldamers with no phenol units. Solid-liquid extraction could be achieved due to the strong binding. Hydrocarbon stapling by alkene metathesis under templation was attempted, and the helical structure was efficiently stabilized. Phenol-acetylene oligomers spontaneously formed helical structures via intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The helical sense could be biased by adding chiral amines.
Topics: Acetylene; Alkenes; Glucose; Hydrocarbons; Hydrogen Bonding; Macromolecular Substances; Molecular Conformation; Monosaccharides; Organic Chemistry Phenomena; Phenol; Pyridines; Solid Phase Extraction
PubMed: 30930394
DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.18-00179-2 -
Nutrients Apr 2023Dietary (poly)phenol consumption is inversely associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in epidemiological studies, but little is known about the role of the gut...
BACKGROUND
Dietary (poly)phenol consumption is inversely associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in epidemiological studies, but little is known about the role of the gut microbiome in this relationship.
METHODS
In 200 healthy females, aged 62.0 ± 10.0 years, from the TwinsUK cohort, 114 individual (poly)phenol metabolites were measured from spot urine using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The associations between metabolites, the gut microbiome (alpha diversity and genera), and cardiovascular scores were investigated using linear mixed models adjusting age, BMI, fibre, energy intake, family relatedness, and multiple testing (FDR < 0.1).
RESULTS
Significant associations were found between phenolic acid metabolites, CVD risk, and the gut microbiome. A total of 35 phenolic acid metabolites were associated with the Firmicutes phylum, while 5 metabolites were associated with alpha diversity (FDR-adjusted < 0.05). Negative associations were observed between the atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) risk score and five phenolic acid metabolites, two tyrosol metabolites, and daidzein with stdBeta (95% (CI)) ranging from -0.05 (-0.09, -0.01) for 3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid to -0.04 (-0.08, -0.003) for 2-hydroxycinnamic acid (FDR-adjusted < 0.1). The genus 5-7N15 in the Bacteroidetes phylum was positively associated with the same metabolites, including 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, 3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid), 3-hydroxyphenylethanol-4-sulfate, and 4-hydroxyphenylethanol-3-sulfate)(stdBeta (95% CI): 0.23 (0.09, 0.36) to 0.28 (0.15, 0.42), FDR-adjusted < 0.05), and negatively associated with the ASCVD score (stdBeta (95% CI): -0.05 (-0.09, -0.01), FDR-adjusted = 0.02). Mediation analysis showed that genus 5-7N15 mediated 23.8% of the total effect of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid on the ASCVD score.
CONCLUSIONS
Coffee, tea, red wine, and several vegetables and fruits, especially berries, are the most abundant food sources of phenolic acids that have the strongest associations with CVD risk. We found that the gut microbiome, particularly the genus 5-7N15, partially mediates the negative association between urinary (poly)phenols and cardiovascular risk, supporting a key role of the gut microbiome in the health benefits of dietary (poly)phenols.
Topics: Humans; Female; Phenol; Cross-Sectional Studies; Propionates; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Phenols; Metabolome; Cardiovascular Diseases
PubMed: 37111123
DOI: 10.3390/nu15081900 -
F1000Research 2021contains several bioactive molecules such as phenol, flavonoid and phycocyanin pigments. This study unveils total phenol, flavonoid, antioxidant activity,...
contains several bioactive molecules such as phenol, flavonoid and phycocyanin pigments. This study unveils total phenol, flavonoid, antioxidant activity, phycocyanin content and evaluated encapsulation efficiency from intervention on . intervention aims to reduce unpleasant odors from that will increase consumption and increase bioactive compounds. The intervention was carried out by soaking a control sample (SP) in with a ratio of 1:4 (w/v) and it was then dried (DSB) and microencapsulated by freeze drying methods (MSB) using a combination of maltodextrin and gelatin. Total flavonoid and phenolic analysis with curve fitting analysis used a linear regression approach. Antioxidant activity of samples was analysed with the 2,2'-azino-bis-3-3thylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) method. Data were analysed using ANOVA at significance level (p < 0.05) followed by Tukey test models using SPSS v.22. The result of this study indicated that intervention treatment (DSB) has the potential to increase bioactive compounds such as total phenol, antioxidant activity and phycocyanin, and flavonoid content. Intervention of on (DSB) significantly increases total phenol by 49.5% and phycocyanin by 40.7%. This is due to the phenol and azulene compounds in which have a synergistic effect on phenol and phycocyanin in . Microencapsulation using a maltodexrin and gelatin coating is effective in phycocyanin protection and antioxidant activity with an encapsulation efficiency value of 71.58% and 80.5%. The intervention of on improved the total phenol and phycocyanin content and there is potential for a pharmaceutical product for a functional food and pharmaceutical product.
Topics: Antioxidants; Flavonoids; Gelatin; Ocimum basilicum; Phenol; Phenols; Phycocyanin; Powders; Spirulina
PubMed: 35083034
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.52394.3 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2023Vibration and noise-reduction materials are indispensable in various fields. Polyurethane (PU)-based damping materials can dissipate the external mechanical and acoustic...
Vibration and noise-reduction materials are indispensable in various fields. Polyurethane (PU)-based damping materials can dissipate the external mechanical and acoustic energy through molecular chain movements to mitigate the adverse effects of vibrations and noise. In this study, PU-based damping composites were obtained by compositing PU rubber prepared using 3-methyltetrahydrofuran/tetrahydrofuran copolyether glycol, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and trimethylolpropane monoallyl ether as raw materials with hindered phenol, viz., and 3,9-bis{2-[3-(3--butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)proponyloxy]-1,1-dimethylethyl}-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane (AO-80). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile tests were conducted to evaluate the properties of the resulting composites. The glass transition temperature of the composite increased from -40 to -23 °C, and the tan of the PU rubber increased by 81%, from 0.86 to 1.56 when 30 phr of AO-80 was added. This study provides a new platform for the design and preparation of damping materials for industrial applications and daily life.
Topics: Elastomers; Polyurethanes; Phenol; Rubber; Phenols
PubMed: 36902089
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054662 -
Food & Function Oct 2023Increasing evidence suggests that dietary (poly)phenols and methylxanthines have neuroprotective effects; however, little is known about whether they can cross the...
Increasing evidence suggests that dietary (poly)phenols and methylxanthines have neuroprotective effects; however, little is known about whether they can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and exert direct effects on the brain. We investigated the presence of (poly)phenol and methylxanthine metabolites in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 90 individuals at risk of dementia using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and predicted their mechanism of transport across the BBB using modelling techniques. A total of 123 and 127 metabolites were detected in CSF and plasma, respectively. analysis suggests that 5 of the 20 metabolites quantified in CSF can cross the BBB by passive diffusion, while at least 9 metabolites require the aid of cell transporters to cross the BBB. Our results showed that (poly)phenols and methylxanthines are bioavailable, can cross the BBB passive diffusion or transport carriers, and can reach brain tissues to exert neuroprotective effects.
Topics: Humans; Blood-Brain Barrier; Neuroprotective Agents; Phenol; Phenols; Xanthines
PubMed: 37701930
DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01913f -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Oct 2021Nutritional epidemiological studies have frequently reported associations between higher (poly)phenol intake and a decrease in the risk or incidence of noncommunicable...
Nutritional epidemiological studies have frequently reported associations between higher (poly)phenol intake and a decrease in the risk or incidence of noncommunicable diseases. However, the assessment methods that have been used to quantify the intakes of these compounds in large-population samples are highly variable. This systematic review aims to characterize the methods used to assess dietary (poly)phenol intake in observational studies, report the validation status of the methods, and give recommendations on method selection and data reporting. Three databases were searched for publications that have used dietary assessment methods to measure (poly)phenol intake and 549 eligible full texts were identified. Food-frequency questionnaires were found to be the most commonly used tool to assess dietary (poly)phenol intake (73%). Published data from peer-reviewed journals were the major source of (poly)phenol content data (25%). An increasing number of studies used open-access databases such as Phenol-Explorer and USDA databases on flavonoid content since their inception, which accounted for 11% and 23% of the data sources, respectively. Only 16% of the studies reported a method that had been validated for measuring the target (poly)phenols. For future research we recommend: 1) selecting a validated dietary assessment tool according to the target compounds and target period of measurement; 2) applying and combining comprehensive (poly)phenol content databases such as USDA and Phenol-Explorer; 3) detailing the methods used to assess (poly)phenol intake, including dietary assessment method, (poly)phenol content data source; 4) follow the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-Nutritional Epidemiology (STROBE-nut) framework; and 5) complementing dietary intake assessment based on questionnaires with measurement of (poly)phenols in biofluids using appropriate and validated analytical methods.
Topics: Diet; Epidemiologic Studies; Humans; Nutrition Assessment; Phenol; Phenols
PubMed: 33684195
DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab017