-
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2023Phenols are widely used in industries despite their toxicity, which requires governments to limit their concentration in water to 5 mg/L before discharge to the city...
Phenols are widely used in industries despite their toxicity, which requires governments to limit their concentration in water to 5 mg/L before discharge to the city sewer. Thus, it is essential to develop a rapid, simple, and low-cost detection method for phenol. This study explored two pathways of peroxidase immobilization to develop a phenol detection system: peroxidase encapsulation into polyelectrolyte microcapsules and peroxidase captured by CaCO. The encapsulation of peroxidase decreased enzyme activity by 96%; thus, this method cannot be used for detection systems. The capturing process of peroxidase by CaCO microspherulites did not affect the maximum reaction rate and the Michaelis constant of peroxidase. The native peroxidase-Vmax = 109 µM/min, Km = 994 µM; CaCO-peroxidase-Vmax = 93.5 µM/min, Km = 956 µM. Ultimately, a reusable phenol detection system based on CaCO microparticles with immobilized peroxidase was developed, capable of detecting phenol in the range of 700 ng/mL to 14 µg/mL, with an error not exceeding 5%, and having a relatively low cost and production time. The efficiency of the system was confirmed by determining the content of phenol in a paintwork product.
Topics: Phenol; Peroxidase; Phenols; Peroxidases; Enzymes, Immobilized; Horseradish Peroxidase
PubMed: 37047739
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076766 -
Journal of Bacteriology Apr 2022Bacillus subtilis employs 10 chemoreceptors to move in response to chemicals in its environment. While the sensing mechanisms have been determined for many attractants,...
Bacillus subtilis employs 10 chemoreceptors to move in response to chemicals in its environment. While the sensing mechanisms have been determined for many attractants, little is known about the sensing mechanisms for repellents. In this work, we investigated phenol chemotaxis in B. subtilis. Phenol is an attractant at low, micromolar concentrations and a repellent at high, millimolar concentrations. McpA was found to be the principal chemoreceptor governing the repellent response to phenol and other related aromatic compounds. In addition, the chemoreceptors McpC and HemAT were found to govern the attractant response to phenol and related compounds. Using chemoreceptor chimeras, McpA was found to sense phenol using its signaling domain rather than its sensing domain. These observations were substantiated , where direct binding of phenol to the signaling domain of McpA was observed using saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance. These results further advance our understanding of B. subtilis chemotaxis and further demonstrate that the signaling domain of B. subtilis chemoreceptors can directly sense chemoeffectors. Bacterial chemotaxis is commonly thought to employ a sensing mechanism involving the extracellular sensing domain of chemoreceptors. Some ligands, however, appear to be sensed by the signaling domain. Phenolic compounds, commonly found in soil and root exudates, provide environmental cues for soil microbes like Bacillus subtilis. We show that phenol is sensed as both an attractant and a repellent. While the mechanism for sensing phenol as an attractant is still unknown, we found that phenol is sensed as a repellent by the signaling domain of the chemoreceptor McpA. This study furthers our understanding of the unconventional sensing mechanisms employed by the B. subtilis chemotaxis pathway.
Topics: 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid; Bacillus subtilis; Bacterial Proteins; Chemotaxis; Phenol; Phenols; Soil
PubMed: 35007157
DOI: 10.1128/JB.00441-21 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2021Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. A variety of phenolic compounds display preventative and therapeutic effects against cancers. Green teas are rich... (Review)
Review
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. A variety of phenolic compounds display preventative and therapeutic effects against cancers. Green teas are rich in phenolics. Catechins are the most dominant phenolic component in green teas. Studies have shown that catechins have anticancer activity in various cancer models. The anticancer activity of catechins, however, may be compromised due to their low oral bioavailability. Nanodelivery emerges as a promising way to improve the oral bioavailability and anticancer activity of catechins. Research in this area has been actively conducted in recent decades. This review provides the molecular mechanisms of the anticancer effects of catechins, the factors that limit the oral bioavailability of catechins, and the latest advances of delivering catechins using nanodelivery systems through different routes to enhance their anticancer activity.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Catechin; Cell Cycle; Cell Proliferation; Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Lipids; Mice; Nanomedicine; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Phenol; Tea
PubMed: 34072700
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113301 -
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology... Feb 2022Japanese quince leaf phenol-rich extract (PRE) represents a good source of phenolic compounds, among which chlorogenic acid and naringenin hexoside are the main...
Chemoprotective effects of Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica L.) phenol leaf extract on colon cancer cells through the modulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases/AKT signaling pathway.
Japanese quince leaf phenol-rich extract (PRE) represents a good source of phenolic compounds, among which chlorogenic acid and naringenin hexoside are the main constituents. The aim of this research was to evaluate the chemopreventive activity of PRE in human colon cancer (SW-480 and HT-29) and human normal colon cell line (CCD 841 CoN). All cell lines were exposed to different concentrations of the extract (150-500 κg/mL for SW-480 and CCD 841 CoN; and 250-750 κg/mL for HT-29) to investigate migration and invasion, as well as the activity and secretion of metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) involved in these mechanisms. Moreover, the influence of PRE on the activity of ERK and AKT pathways, which are strongly involved in colon cancer development (CRC), were measured. Our results demonstrated that PRE significantly inhibited migration and invasion in SW-480, HT-29 and CCD 841 CoN cells through MMP-2 and MMP-9-dependent mechanisms. We also proved that PRE can effectively downregulate both the activity and protein expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in these cell lines. The exception was the higher concentration of PRE, which up-regulated the protein expression of MMP-9 in SW-480. Additionally, we showed that significant inhibition of p-ERK/p-AKT expression in SW-480 after treatment with PRE is involved in chemopreventive effects of this extract. In case of exposure of HT-29 cells to PRE, we observed a significant upregulation of p-ERK protein expression, and suppression of p-AKT mechanism. This research of Japanese quince phenol leaf extract suggests its application in colon cancer prevention and treatment due to its ability to inhibit migration and invasion in MMP-9 and MMP-2-dependent mechanisms via most likely the modulation of ERK and AKT signaling pathways in colon cancer cells. Overall, our results provide an experimental foundation for further research on its potential activities and effects in vivo.
Topics: Colonic Neoplasms; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; Humans; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Phenol; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Rosaceae; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 35639036
DOI: 10.26402/jpp.2022.1.04 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2018Echinatin and its 1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl derivative licochalcone A are two chalcones found in the Chinese herbal medicine . First, their antioxidant mechanisms were...
Echinatin and its 1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl derivative licochalcone A are two chalcones found in the Chinese herbal medicine . First, their antioxidant mechanisms were investigated using four sets of colorimetric measurements in this study. Three sets were performed in aqueous solution, namely Cu-reduction, Fe-reduction, and 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide radical (PTIO•)-scavenging measurements, while 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•)-scavenging colorimetric measurements were conducted in methanol solution. The four sets of measurements showed that the radical-scavenging (or metal-reduction) percentages for both echinatin and licochalcone A increased dose-dependently. However, echinatin always gave higher IC values than licochalcone A. Further, each product of the reactions of the chalcones with DPPH• was determined using electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS). The UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS determination for echinatin yielded several echinatin⁻DPPH adduct peaks (/ 662, 226, and 196) and dimeric echinatin peaks (/ 538, 417, and 297). Similarly, that for licochalcone A yielded licochalcone A-DPPH adduct peaks (/ 730, 226, and 196) and dimeric licochalcone A peaks (/ 674 and 553). Finally, the above experimental data were analyzed using mass spectrometry data analysis techniques, resonance theory, and ionization constant calculations. It was concluded that, (i) in aqueous solution, both echinatin and licochalcone A may undergo an electron transfer (ET) and a proton transfer (PT) to cause the antioxidant action. In addition, (ii) in alcoholic solution, hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) antioxidant mechanisms may also occur for both. HAT may preferably occur at the 4-OH, rather than the 4'-OH. Accordingly, the oxygen at the 4-position participates in radical adduct formation (RAF). Lastly, (iii) the 1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl substituent improves the antioxidant action in both aqueous and alcoholic solutions.
Topics: Antioxidants; Biphenyl Compounds; Chalcones; Mass Spectrometry; Molecular Structure; Phenol; Picrates
PubMed: 30577443
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010003 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022The Moroccan flora abounds and is an important reserve of medicinal plants. and are plants that are widely used in traditional medicine for their multiple therapeutic...
The Moroccan flora abounds and is an important reserve of medicinal plants. and are plants that are widely used in traditional medicine for their multiple therapeutic properties. The current study aims to highlight the biological activities that can justify and valorize the use of these plants. Flavonoids, total phenols, condensed tannins, and sugars were determined. The biological activities tested were antioxidant by determining the IC (defined as the concentration of an antioxidant required to decrease the initial concentration by 50%; inversely related to the antioxidant capacity), hemagglutination, and hemolytic activities. Phytochemical quantification of the seed extracts indicated that the total phenol content was largely similar for both plants and in the order of 10 mg GAE (Gallic acid equivalent)/g. On the other hand, seeds registered a higher content of flavonoids (3.09 ± 0.04 mg QE (quercetin equivalent)/g) as compared to (0.258 ± 0.058). Concerning condensed tannins, seeds present a higher amount with a value of 7.2 ± 0.025 mg/g as compared to (1.4 ± 0.22 mg/g). Concerning the total sugar content, shows a higher content (67.86 ± 0.87 mg/g) as compared to (58.17 ± 0.42 mg/g); it is also richer in mucilage with a content of 240 mg as compared to 8.2 mg for . Examination of the antioxidant activity using a DPPH (2.2-diphenyl 1-pycrilhydrazyl) test revealed that the EButOH (n-butanol extract) and EAE (ethyl acetate extract) extracts were the most active, with IC values of 48.7 and 50.65 μg/mL for the extracts and 15.7 and 52.64 μg/mL for the extracts, respectively. The results of the hemagglutination activity of the different extracts of the two plants prepared in the PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) medium showed significant agglutination for the extract (1/50) compared to the extract (1/20). An evaluation of the hemolytic effect of the crude extract of the studied seeds on erythrocytes isolated from rat blood incubated in PBS buffer compared to the total hemolysis induced by distilled water showed a hemolysis rate of 54% for and 34% for . In conclusion, the two plants studied in the current work exhibited high antioxidant potential, which could explain their beneficial properties.
Topics: 1-Butanol; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Antioxidants; Flavonoids; Gallic Acid; Hemolysis; Lepidium sativum; Nigella sativa; Phenol; Phenols; Phosphates; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Proanthocyanidins; Quercetin; Ranunculaceae; Rats; Seeds; Sugars; Water
PubMed: 36144678
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185946 -
European Journal of Pharmaceutical... Dec 2021Somapacitan is a reversible albumin-binding growth hormone (GH) derivative in clinical development for once-weekly administration in patients with adult GH deficiency... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
Somapacitan is a reversible albumin-binding growth hormone (GH) derivative in clinical development for once-weekly administration in patients with adult GH deficiency (AGHD) and children with GH deficiency (GHD). To date, the use of somapacitan in AGHD or severe AGHD has been approved in the USA and Japan, respectively. This study (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02962440) investigated the absorption, metabolism and excretion, as well as the pharmacokinetics (PK), of tritium-labelled somapacitan ([H]-somapacitan). Seven healthy males received a single subcutaneous dose of 6 mg somapacitan containing [H]-somapacitan 20 MBq. Blood, serum, plasma, urine, faeces, and expired air were collected for radioactivity assessment. Metabolites were identified and quantified in plasma and urine collected. The PK of plasma components were determined, and the radioactive peaks of the most abundant plasma metabolites and urine metabolites were selected for analysis. Twenty-eight days after dosing, 94.0% of the administered dose was recovered as [H]-somapacitan-related material, most of which was excreted in urine (80.9%); 12.9% was excreted in faeces, and an insignificant amount (0.2%) was exhaled in expired air. PK properties of [H]-somapacitan-related material appeared to be consistent across plasma, serum and blood. Three abundant plasma metabolites (P1, M1 and M1B) and two abundant urine metabolites (M4 and M5) were identified. The total exposure of intact somapacitan accounted for 59% of the total exposure of all somapacitan-related material, P1 accounted for 21% and M1 plus M1B accounted for 12%. M4 and M5 were the most abundant urine metabolites and accounted for 37% and 8% of the dosed [H]-somapacitan radioactivity, respectively. No intact somapacitan was found in excreta. Two subjects had six adverse events (AEs); all were mild in severity and unlikely to be related to trial product. The majority of dosed [H]-somapacitan (94%) was recovered as excreted metabolites. Urine was the major route for excretion of somapacitan metabolites, followed by faeces, and exhalation in expired air was negligible. The low molecular weights of identified urine metabolites demonstrate that somapacitan was extensively degraded to small residual fragments that were excreted (fully biodegradable). The extensive metabolic degradation and full elimination of metabolites in excreta were the major clearance pathways of somapacitan and the key elements in its biological fate. A single dose of 6 mg somapacitan (containing [H]-somapacitan) in healthy male subjects was well tolerated with no unexpected safety issues identified.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Oral; Adult; Albumins; Child; Feces; Histidine; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Male; Mannitol; Phenol; Research Subjects
PubMed: 34601071
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106030 -
BMC Plant Biology Jul 2022Silicon (Si) is a multiple stress attenuator element in plants, however more research is needed to elucidate the actions in the plants defense system with low nutrition...
BACKGROUND
Silicon (Si) is a multiple stress attenuator element in plants, however more research is needed to elucidate the actions in the plants defense system with low nutrition of manganese (Mn) for a prolonged period, and the attenuation mechanisms involved in the effects of Mn deficiency on energy cane with high fiber content. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether Si reduces the oxidative stress of the energy cane grown in low Mn in nutrient solution, to mitigate the effects of Mn deficiency, improving enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense, uptake of Mn the plant growth.
METHODS
An experiment was carried out with pre-sprouted seedlings of Saccharum spontaneum L. in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme in five replications in which the plants were grown under sufficiency (20.5 μmol L) and deficiency (0.1 μmol L) of Mn combined with the absence and presence of Si (2.0 mmol L) for 160 days from the application of the treatments. The following parameters were evaluated: accumulation of Mn and Si, HO MDA, activity of SOD and GPOX, total phenol content, pigments, and quantum efficiency of PSII.
RESULTS
Mn deficiency induced the oxidative stress for increase the HO and MDA content in leaves of plants and reduce the activity of antioxidant enzymes and total phenols causing damage to quantum efficiency of photosystem II and pigment content. Si attenuated the effects of Mn deficiency even for a longer period of stress by reducing HO (18%) and MDA (32%) content, and increased the Mn uptake efficiency (53%), SOD activity (23%), GPOX (76%), phenol contents, thus improving growth.
CONCLUSIONS
The supply of Si promoted great nutritional and physiological improvements in energy cane with high fiber content in Mn deficiency. The results of this study propose the supply of Si via fertirrigation as a new sustainable strategy for energy cane cultivation in low Mn environments.
Topics: Antioxidants; Canes; Hydrogen Peroxide; Manganese; Oxidative Stress; Phenol; Plant Leaves; Silicon; Superoxide Dismutase
PubMed: 35902800
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03766-8 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2021The negative effects of smoke exposure of grapes in vineyards that are close to harvest are well documented. Volatile phenols in smoke from forest and grass fires can...
The negative effects of smoke exposure of grapes in vineyards that are close to harvest are well documented. Volatile phenols in smoke from forest and grass fires can contaminate berries and, upon uptake, are readily converted into a range of glycosylated grape metabolites. These phenolic glycosides and corresponding volatile phenols are extracted into the must and carried through the winemaking process, leading to wines with overtly smoky aromas and flavours. As a result, smoke exposure of grapes can cause significant quality defects in wine, and may render grapes and wine unfit for sale, with substantial negative economic impacts. Until now, however, very little has been known about the impact on grape composition of smoke exposure very early in the season, when grapes are small, hard and green, as occurred with many fires in the 2019-20 Australian grapegrowing season. This research summarises the compositional consequences of cumulative bushfire smoke exposure of grapes and leaves, it establishes detailed profiles of volatile phenols and phenolic glycosides in samples from six commercial Chardonnay and Shiraz blocks throughout berry ripening and examines the observed effects in the context of vineyard location and timing of smoke exposure. In addition, we demonstrate the potential of some phenolic glycosides in leaves to serve as additional biomarkers for smoke exposure of vineyards.
Topics: Air Pollutants; Farms; Food Contamination; Food Industry; Fruit; Glycosides; Glycosylation; New South Wales; Particulate Matter; Phenol; Phenols; Plant Leaves; Principal Component Analysis; Smoke; Vitis; Volatile Organic Compounds; Wildfires; Wine
PubMed: 34073537
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113187 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2022The aim of this work has been to study the possible degradation path of BPA under the Fenton reaction, namely to determine the energetically favorable intermediate...
The aim of this work has been to study the possible degradation path of BPA under the Fenton reaction, namely to determine the energetically favorable intermediate products and to compare the cytotoxicity of BPA and its intermediate products of degradation. The DFT calculations of the Gibbs free energy at M06-2X/6-311G(d,p) level of theory showed that the formation of hydroquinone was the most energetically favorable path in a water environment. To explore the cytotoxicity the erythrocytes were incubated with BPA and three intermediate products of its degradation, i.e., phenol, hydroquinone and 4-isopropylphenol, in the concentrations 5-200 μg/mL, for 1, 4 and 24 h. BPA induced the strongest hemolytic changes in erythrocytes, followed by hydroquinone, phenol and 4-isopropylphenol. In the presence of hydroquinone, the highest level of RONS was observed, whereas BPA had the weakest effect on RONS generation. In addition, hydroquinone decreased the level of GSH the most. Generally, our results suggest that a preferable BPA degradation path under a Fenton reaction should be controlled in order to avoid the formation of hydroquinone. This is applicable to the degradation of BPA during waste water treatment and during chemical degradation in sea water.
Topics: Humans; Hydroquinones; Phenols; Erythrocytes; Benzhydryl Compounds; Phenol; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 36613931
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010492