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Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Aug 2014
Topics: Cell Phone; Education, Medical; Humans; Pathology; Pathology, Clinical; Photomicrography
PubMed: 24199830
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2013-0425-ED -
Neuroscience Mar 2017Cortico-cortical connectivity has become a major focus of neuroscience in the last decade but most of the connectivity studies focused on intrahemispheric circuits....
Cortico-cortical connectivity has become a major focus of neuroscience in the last decade but most of the connectivity studies focused on intrahemispheric circuits. Little has been reported about information acquired and processed in the premotor cortex and its functional connection with its homotopic counterpart in the opposite hemisphere via the corpus callosum. In non-human primates (macaques) lateralization is not well documented and its exact role is still unknown. The present study confirms in two macaques the existence of homotopic contralateral projections and completes the picture by further exploring heterotopic (non-motor) callosal projections. This was tested by injecting retrograde tracers in the premotor cortical areas PMv and PMd (targets). Our method consisted of identifying the connections with all the homo- and heterotopic cortical areas located in the contralateral hemisphere. The results showed that PMd and PMv receive multiple low-density labeled inputs from the opposite heterotopic prefrontal, parietal, motor, insular and temporal regions. Such unexpected collection of transcallosal inputs from heterotopic areas suggests that the premotor areas communicate with other modalities through long distance low-density networks which could have important implications in the understanding of sensorimotor and multimodal integration.
Topics: Animals; Corpus Callosum; Functional Laterality; Macaca fascicularis; Macaca mulatta; Motor Cortex; Neural Pathways; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; Neurons; Photomicrography
PubMed: 28042027
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.035 -
Zoological Studies 2022(Dufour, 1849) is the most widespread species of the planthopper subfamily Orgeriinae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Dictyopharidae) in Europe, found from the Iberian...
(Dufour, 1849) is the most widespread species of the planthopper subfamily Orgeriinae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Dictyopharidae) in Europe, found from the Iberian Peninsula to the Western Balkans. However, its diagnostically important genitalia and biology have been insufficiently described. We employ state-of-the-art synchrotron X-ray microtomography and photomicrography to re-describe , and to study the morphology of both its sexes in unprecedented detail. By examining specimens from across the distribution of , we find that they probably belong to a single, broadly distributed morphospecies. Our morphological examination allowed us to make inferences on its jumping mechanism and capacity for vibrational communication. We also record for the first time from Greece, further extending the range of this elusive species. Detailed information on the habitat of is also provided.
PubMed: 36568820
DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2022.61-51 -
Polimery W Medycynie 2020Plant-extract-reduced metal nanoparticles provide means of overcoming microbial resistance. Incorporating them into appropriate pharmaceutical formulations will enhance...
BACKGROUND
Plant-extract-reduced metal nanoparticles provide means of overcoming microbial resistance. Incorporating them into appropriate pharmaceutical formulations will enhance their portability and ease of administration.
OBJECTIVES
To synthesize silver nanoparticles using methanol extracts of the seeds of Blighia sapida as capping agents and formulating the products in antimicrobial films.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Phytochemical screening of the methanol extract of Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig (ackee) seeds was performed and its antioxidant properties were determined using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay. The green synthesis of ackee seed extract silver nanoparticles (ASAgNPs) was accomplished with reacting 1 mM of aqueous silver nitrate (AgNO3) and the methanol extract in a flask; the bioreduction was performed at 37°C for 72 h. The resulting nanoparticles were lyophilized and characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and photomicrography. The nanoparticles were further formulated into films using starch and carboxymethyl cellulose using the solvent evaporation method. The extract, biosynthesized nanoparticles and film formulations were screened for antimicrobial activity against several pathogens using the agar well diffusion method.
RESULTS
The methanol seed extracts of the ackee fruit contained saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and anthraquinones. The extract exhibited significant antioxidant properties. The nanoparticles and film formulations had a broader range of activity against microbes than the plant extract, exhibiting significant activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 700728, Salmonella typhi ATCC 14028, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Activity was also observed with Candida krusei, C. albicans, and Penicillium sp. It is noteworthy that this last organism showed resistance to fluconazole.
CONCLUSIONS
Ackee seed extract silver nanoparticles exhibited a synergistic antimicrobial activity against several pathogens. Film formulations of the nanoparticles retained this antimicrobial activity and allowed the product to be presented in a consumer-ready form.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Blighia; Metal Nanoparticles; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pichia; Plant Extracts; Seeds; Silver; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
PubMed: 33768737
DOI: 10.17219/pim/130388 -
NeuroImage Mar 2022Abnormal tau inclusions are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease and predictors of clinical decline. Several tau PET tracers are available for neurodegenerative disease...
Abnormal tau inclusions are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease and predictors of clinical decline. Several tau PET tracers are available for neurodegenerative disease research, opening avenues for molecular diagnosis in vivo. However, few have been approved for clinical use. Understanding the neurobiological basis of PET signal validation remains problematic because it requires a large-scale, voxel-to-voxel correlation between PET and (immuno) histological signals. Large dimensionality of whole human brains, tissue deformation impacting co-registration, and computing requirements to process terabytes of information preclude proper validation. We developed a computational pipeline to identify and segment particles of interest in billion-pixel digital pathology images to generate quantitative, 3D density maps. The proposed convolutional neural network for immunohistochemistry samples, IHCNet, is at the pipeline's core. We have successfully processed and immunostained over 500 slides from two whole human brains with three phospho-tau antibodies (AT100, AT8, and MC1), spanning several terabytes of images. Our artificial neural network estimated tau inclusion from brain images, which performs with ROC AUC of 0.87, 0.85, and 0.91 for AT100, AT8, and MC1, respectively. Introspection studies further assessed the ability of our trained model to learn tau-related features. We present an end-to-end pipeline to create terabytes-large 3D tau inclusion density maps co-registered to MRI as a means to facilitate validation of PET tracers.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alzheimer Disease; Biomarkers; Datasets as Topic; Deep Learning; Equipment Design; Female; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Neuroimaging; Photomicrography; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; tau Proteins
PubMed: 34933123
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118790 -
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual... Aug 2014Although many connexin46 (Cx46) mutants have been linked to inherited human cataracts, there are no adequate animal models for their study. The current experiments were...
PURPOSE
Although many connexin46 (Cx46) mutants have been linked to inherited human cataracts, there are no adequate animal models for their study. The current experiments were designed to characterize the consequences of expression of one such mutant, Cx46fs380, in the mouse lens.
METHODS
Mice expressing Cx46fs380 were generated by a knockin strategy. Levels and distribution of specific proteins were analyzed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence.
RESULTS
Dark-field microscopy revealed that lenses of young heterozygous and homozygous Cx46fs380 mice did not have opacities, but they developed anterior nuclear cataracts that became more severe with age. Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting showed that Cx46 was severely reduced in both heterozygous and homozygous Cx46fs380 lenses at 1 month of age, whereas immunoreactive connexin50 (Cx50) was moderately decreased. The reduction in Cx50 became more severe in older lenses. The solubilities of crystallins from young wild-type and fs380 mice were similar, but older fs380 lenses exhibited abnormalities of abundance, solubility, and modification of some crystallins.
CONCLUSIONS
Major decreases in connexin levels precede the development of cataracts. These mice represent a useful model for elucidation of the progression of lens abnormalities during cataractogenesis especially as caused by a mutant connexin.
Topics: Animals; Blotting, Southern; Cataract; Connexins; DNA; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression Regulation; Lens, Crystalline; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Photomicrography; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 25103261
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15012 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Aug 2020There is still considerable controversy regarding the possibility of submitting replanted teeth to orthodontic movement (OM). The purpose of the present study was to...
There is still considerable controversy regarding the possibility of submitting replanted teeth to orthodontic movement (OM). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the tissue response after orthodontic movement on replanted teeth. Sixty Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups ( = 15): G1, replantation without OM after 30 days; G2, replantation with OM after 30 days; G3, replantation without OM after 60 days, and G4, replantation with OM after 60 days. The maxillary left central incisors were extracted and the teeth were stored in milk media. After 30 min, the teeth were replanted and fixed with non-rigid immobilization. All specimens were observed after 30 and 60 days of replantation and then subdivided into two subgroups (with OM or without OM). The animals were euthanized after seven days of the OM started, and the maxillary bone blocks were processed for histological evaluation. The histological results showed periodontal ligament repair in both periods studied without OM; however, ankylosis and root resorption was seen in all orthodontically moved teeth. The orthodontic movement did not favor tissue response in all replanted teeth, regardless of the experimental periods.
Topics: Animals; Incisor; Models, Animal; Periodontal Ligament; Photomicrography; Postoperative Complications; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Root Resorption; Tooth Avulsion; Tooth Movement Techniques; Tooth Replantation; Tooth Root
PubMed: 32825215
DOI: 10.3390/medicina56090421 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2014The alterations involved in step-wise transformation of a dental follicle to dentigerous cyst (DC) is not clearly known. Primary cilium and its protein have been...
BACKGROUND
The alterations involved in step-wise transformation of a dental follicle to dentigerous cyst (DC) is not clearly known. Primary cilium and its protein have been hypothesized to be associated with DC. Mutation of a ciliary protein, polycystin-1 (PC1) is associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. This study was performed to assess the immunohistochemical expression of PC1 between DC and postfunctional follicular tissue (PFFT).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Thirty-one consecutive PFFT and 15 DC formed the study group. The PFFT and DC tissues were stained with antibody against PC1. Statistical Package for Social Service was used to analyze data. Descriptive statistics and Student's Chi-square test were appropriately used. P≤0.05 was taken as significant.
RESULTS
Fifteen DC (100%) and 7 (22.58%) PFFT were positive for PC1. The difference was statistically significant (P=0.000). PC1 expression was observed in the cytoplasm with varying intensity.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
All PC1 positive epithelial cells' cytoplasm stained diffusely. Abnormal cytoplasmic expression of PC1 in all positive epithelial lining indicates that the PC1 probably is associated with cystic transformation.
Topics: Adult; Dentigerous Cyst; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Photomicrography; TRPP Cation Channels
PubMed: 25728110
DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.152198 -
Dental and Medical Problems 2018Maintaining pulp vitality is a major objective in restorative dentistry. Direct pulp capping (DPC) is considered a way to enhance pulp healing and induce reparative... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Maintaining pulp vitality is a major objective in restorative dentistry. Direct pulp capping (DPC) is considered a way to enhance pulp healing and induce reparative dentin. In the present study, 3 capping materials were used and compared in terms of promoting pulp tissue healing after mechanical exposure.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of the study was to evaluate the reparative capacity of Biodentine™ (BD), TheraCal® LC and TotalFill® as DPC materials and to assess dentin bridge formation.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The experiment required 3 groups (1-week group, 1-month group and 3-months group), each consisting of 24 fresh human premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons. A cavity was prepared on the buccal surface of each tooth and the pulp tissue was penetrated to a depth of approx. 1.0 mm. After exposure, hemostasis was obtained and the pulp-capping agents BD, TheraCal LC and TotalFill were applied. A final restoration with GC Fuji IX GP Fast (GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) was applied to each tooth to ensure an adequate coronal seal. Tissue samples were collected at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months. The samples were demineralized, sectioned, stained, and histologically graded.
RESULTS
There was a statistically significant difference between TheraCal LC and both BD and TotalFill in terms of pulpal inflammation during the 3 capping periods, while BD and TotalFill showed comparable results, with no statistically significant difference between their results in the 3 capping periods.
CONCLUSIONS
TotalFill a newly developed pulp-capping material, offers results comparable to BD in addition to its advantageous handling properties. Although TheraCal LC contains resin ingredients, given proper curing, it seems to be a successful material for DPC and offers superior handling properties.
Topics: Calcium Compounds; Dental Pulp; Dental Pulp Capping; Humans; Odontoblasts; Osteocytes; Photomicrography; Pulp Capping and Pulpectomy Agents; Pulpitis; Silicates
PubMed: 30152617
DOI: 10.17219/dmp/90257 -
The Journal of Comparative Neurology Dec 2014We examined the synaptic structure, quantity, and distribution of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)- and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type...
We examined the synaptic structure, quantity, and distribution of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)- and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs and NMDARs, respectively) in rat cochlear nuclei by a highly sensitive freeze-fracture replica labeling technique. Four excitatory synapses formed by two distinct inputs, auditory nerve (AN) and parallel fibers (PF), on different cell types were analyzed. These excitatory synapse types included AN synapses on bushy cells (AN-BC synapses) and fusiform cells (AN-FC synapses) and PF synapses on FC (PF-FC synapses) and cartwheel cell spines (PF-CwC synapses). Immunogold labeling revealed differences in synaptic structure as well as AMPAR and NMDAR number and/or density in both AN and PF synapses, indicating a target-dependent organization. The immunogold receptor labeling also identified differences in the synaptic organization of FCs based on AN or PF connections, indicating an input-dependent organization in FCs. Among the four excitatory synapse types, the AN-BC synapses were the smallest and had the most densely packed intramembrane particles (IMPs), whereas the PF-CwC synapses were the largest and had sparsely packed IMPs. All four synapse types showed positive correlations between the IMP-cluster area and the AMPAR number, indicating a common intrasynapse-type relationship for glutamatergic synapses. Immunogold particles for AMPARs were distributed over the entire area of individual AN synapses; PF synapses often showed synaptic areas devoid of labeling. The gold-labeling for NMDARs occurred in a mosaic fashion, with less positive correlations between the IMP-cluster area and the NMDAR number. Our observations reveal target- and input-dependent features in the structure, number, and organization of AMPARs and NMDARs in AN and PF synapses.
Topics: Animals; Cochlear Nerve; Cochlear Nucleus; Freeze Fracturing; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons; Photomicrography; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, AMPA; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Synapses
PubMed: 25041792
DOI: 10.1002/cne.23654