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Medecine Sciences : M/S 2020
Topics: Abortion, Induced; Commerce; Contraception; Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; Family Planning Policy; Female; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Intrauterine Devices, Medicated; Legislation as Topic; Male; Tablets; United States
PubMed: 32821039
DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020125 -
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 2017To identify scientific evidence regarding the influence of hormonal contraceptive use and the occurrence of stroke. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE:
To identify scientific evidence regarding the influence of hormonal contraceptive use and the occurrence of stroke.
METHOD:
Integrative review of the literature, through database search using the descriptors "contraceptive agents", "contraceptive devices", "contraceptives, Oral" and "Stroke". Original studies in Portuguese, Spanish and English, published in full and available online were included. Studies that did not answer our guiding questions and duplicated studies were excluded.
RESULTS:
Women using combined oral contraceptives have higher risk of stroke, even with a lower hormonal dosage and different types of progestogen, regardless of the duration of use. The use of contraceptives associated with smoking, hypertension, migraine, hypercholesterolemia, obesity and sedentary lifestyle increases the chance of stroke. Contraceptive patch and vaginal ring are associated to increased risk.
CONCLUSION:
Use of combined hormonal contraceptives, except for the injectable and the transdermal ones, increases the chance of occurrence of the event. Progestogen-only contraceptives were considered safe.
OBJETIVO:
Identificar evidências científicas acerca da influência do uso de anticoncepcionais hormonais na ocorrência do acidente vascular cerebral (AVC).
MÉTODO:
Revisão integrativa da literatura, com pesquisa em bases de dados, utilizando os descritores "contraceptive agents", "contraceptive devices", "contraceptives, Oral" e "stroke". Foram incluídos artigos originais nos idiomas português, espanhol e inglês, publicados na íntegra e disponíveis eletronicamente. Foram excluídos artigos que não respondiam às questões norteadoras e repetidos.
RESULTADOS:
Usuárias de anticoncepcional oral combinado apresentam risco maior de AVC, mesmo com dosagem hormonal menor e diferentes tipos de progestágeno, independente do tempo de uso. A presença associada de tabagismo, hipertensão arterial, enxaqueca, hipercolesterolemia, obesidade e sedentarismo aumenta a chance desse desfecho. Adesivo anticoncepcional e anel vaginal são relacionados ao aumento desse risco.
CONCLUSÃO:
A exposição aos anticoncepcionais hormonais combinados aumenta a chance de ocorrência do evento, exceto o injetável e o transdérmico. Os exclusivos de progestágeno foram considerados seguros.
Topics: Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Incidence; Migraine Disorders; Smoking; Stroke
PubMed: 28562816
DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0056 -
Contraception Oct 2020To assess the impact of Oregon's policy that allows pharmacist prescription of the pill and patch on contraceptive receipt for Medicaid-insured women.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the impact of Oregon's policy that allows pharmacist prescription of the pill and patch on contraceptive receipt for Medicaid-insured women.
STUDY DESIGN
We conducted a difference-in-differences analysis using Oregon Medicaid claims data to compare changes in receipt of all contraceptive services and receipt of the pill or patch for Medicaid-enrolled women (n = 436,258) before and after policy implementation in areas with and without participating pharmacists. We then described filled prescriptions for the contraceptive pill and patch by type of prescribing provider before and after implementation of the policy. We also compared past contraceptive use for women receiving prescriptions from pharmacists and non-pharmacists.
RESULTS
We found no significant policy effects on receipt of all contraceptive services or on receipt of the pill or patch. More than 98% of prescriptions filled for the pill and patch in the first two years of policy implementation were prescribed by a non-pharmacist provider. Women receiving contraceptive pill and patch prescriptions from pharmacists and non-pharmacists were equally likely to be continuing contraceptive users.
CONCLUSION
We identified no increase in receipt of contraceptive services among Medicaid-insured women in the two years following the implementation of a pharmacy access policy. Additional research is needed to investigate other possible benefits of the policy, such as satisfaction, convenience, cost and equity.
IMPLICATIONS
We identified no effect of allowing pharmacist prescription of the contraceptive pill and patch on increasing utilization of contraceptive services for Medicaid-insured women in Oregon. Impacts on access to contraceptive services and unintended pregnancy may emerge in subsequent years as availability of and demand for pharmacist-prescribed hormonal contraception increases.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Community Pharmacy Services; Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; Drug Prescriptions; Family Planning Services; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Hormonal Contraception; Humans; Medicaid; Oregon; Pharmacists; Pregnancy; United States; Young Adult
PubMed: 32652093
DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2020.07.001 -
Danish Medical Journal May 2021Hormonal contraception (HC) celebrates its 60th anniversary this year. Thanks to thousands of scientific studies on these products, we now have solid knowledge about the...
INTRODUCTION
Hormonal contraception (HC) celebrates its 60th anniversary this year. Thanks to thousands of scientific studies on these products, we now have solid knowledge about the short- and long-term effects and also the adverse effects of different contraceptive types. The aim of this study was to analyse trends in the use of different types of HC through the latest decade in different age groups of Danish women and to study reasons for any changes.
METHODS
Individual-level HC sale statistics were provided from the National Registry of Medicinal Products. All statistics were stated as defined daily doses per 1,000 women per day. Absolute numbers and distributions among users were calculated.
RESULTS
The overall use of HC was stable in women from 15 to 25 years, decreased among women aged 25-34 years and increased among women aged 35 years or more. On average, an increase from 35% to 39% was recorded. Across all age groups, the use of second-generation combined oral contraceptives (COC) has almost completely replaced the use of third- and fourth-generation pills, and from the age of 20 years of age, the use of COC has decreased contrasting a steep increase in use of the hormone-intrauterine device (IUD). The magnitude of this shift increased with increasing age.
CONCLUSIONS
Whereas the overall use of hormonal contraception has increased over the latest decade from 35% to 39% among all women aged 15-49 years, hormone-IUDs have increasingly replaced COCs so that they are now dominating among women aged 30 years or more. These changes are expected to have decreased venous thrombosis and menorrhagic complaints in young women substantially.
FUNDING
Expenses were covered by Department of Gynaecology, Rigshospitalet.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
The Danish Data Protection Agency (R. no. 2015-41-4481).
Topics: Adult; Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; Denmark; Female; Humans; Venous Thrombosis; Young Adult
PubMed: 34060463
DOI: No ID Found -
Hormone Research in Paediatrics 2017Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is necessary in adolescents with primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) in order to avoid estrogen deficiency. The goal of this minirewiew... (Review)
Review
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is necessary in adolescents with primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) in order to avoid estrogen deficiency. The goal of this minirewiew is to present the different types of estrogens (17β-estradiol, estradiol valerate, ethinyl estradiol, and combined equine estrogens) as well as the different types of progestins available. In order to choose among the different types of HRTs, the features of each regimen are being discussed as well as their risks and their respective benefits. The differences between oral combined contraceptive pills and a dissociated regimen containing estrogen and progestins are emphasized. The different effects of HRTs, mainly on feminization, growth spurt, bone mass as well as cardiovascular risk, and the follow-up of these young patients are presented. HRT in adolescents and young adults with estrogen deficiency is necessary and should be continued until the age of natural menopause. Studies have so far essentially included children or adolescents with Turner syndrome. Therefore, studies on HRT including patients with POI and a normal karyotype are necessary.
Topics: Adolescent; Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; Estrogens; Female; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Primary Ovarian Insufficiency; Young Adult
PubMed: 28376481
DOI: 10.1159/000457125 -
Women's Health (London, England) Sep 2014
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Antifibrinolytic Agents; Attitude to Health; Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Humans; Menorrhagia; Quality of Life; Women's Health
PubMed: 25335540
DOI: 10.2217/whe.14.56 -
Contraception Sep 2016Contraception is important for women who are postpartum, including those who are breastfeeding. Use of combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) may affect breastfeeding... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Contraception is important for women who are postpartum, including those who are breastfeeding. Use of combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) may affect breastfeeding performance and infant health outcomes.
OBJECTIVE
The objective was to identify evidence examining clinical outcomes for breastfeeding and infant health among breastfeeding women using CHCs compared to nonusers.
SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched the PubMed database for all articles published from database inception through September 30, 2014.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included primary research studies that compared breastfeeding women using CHCs with breastfeeding women using nonhormonal or no contraception, or compared breastfeeding women initiating combined hormonal contraception at early versus later times postpartum. Breastfeeding outcomes of interest included duration, rate of exclusive breastfeeding and timing of supplementation. Infant outcomes of interest included growth, health and development.
RESULTS
Fifteen articles describing 13 studies met inclusion criteria for this review. Studies ranged from poor to fair methodological quality and demonstrated inconsistent effects of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) on breastfeeding performance with COC initiation before or after 6 weeks postpartum; some studies demonstrated greater supplementation and decreased breastfeeding continuation among COC users compared with nonusers, and others demonstrated no effect. For infant outcomes, some studies found decreases in infant weight gain for COC users compared with nonusers when COCs were initiated at <6 weeks postpartum, while other studies found no effect. None of the studies found an effect on infant weight gain when COCs were started after 6 weeks postpartum, and no studies found an effect on other infant health outcomes regardless of time of COC initiation.
CONCLUSION
Limited evidence of poor to fair quality demonstrates an inconsistent impact of COCs on breastfeeding duration and success. The evidence also demonstrated conflicting results on whether early initiation of COCs affects infant outcomes but generally found no negative impact on infant outcomes with later initiation of COCs. The body of evidence is limited by older studies using different formulations and doses of estrogen and poor methodologic quality. Given the significant limitations of this body of evidence, the importance of contraception for postpartum women and the theoretical concerns that have been raised about the use of combined hormonal contraception by women who are breastfeeding, rigorous studies examining these issues are needed. In addition, postpartum women should be counseled about the full range of safe alternative contraceptive methods, particularly during the first 6 weeks postpartum when the risk of venous thromboembolism is highest and use of estrogen may exacerbate this risk.
Topics: Child Development; Contraception; Contraception Behavior; Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; Female; Humans; Infant; Lactation; Progestins; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Weight Gain
PubMed: 26002804
DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2015.05.006 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Mar 2024To investigate the oral manifestations in women of reproductive age using hormonal contraceptive methods. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
To investigate the oral manifestations in women of reproductive age using hormonal contraceptive methods.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This review is based on the PRISMA statement. A literature search incorporated observational studies from the last 21 years. An investigative question was formulated using the PICO model, studies were selected, and a quality analysis was performed using the modified STROBE guidelines. A bibliometric analysis was performed, and the data were examined.
RESULTS
Thirteen articles were included, with the majority evaluating periodontal status. Others analyzed factors such as the presence of alveolar osteitis, oral candidiasis, and salivary microbiome dysbiosis. Ten articles were deemed to have a low risk of bias.
CONCLUSIONS
Hormonal contraceptives may increase the risk of alveolar osteitis following tooth extraction and increase the presence of the Candida species in the oral cavity. They also affect the periodontium, such as the frequent development of gingivitis, but do not lead to changes in the salivary microbiome.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The increasing number of women using hormonal contraceptives and the knowledge that these contraceptives can produce oral cavity alterations underscore the need to evaluate the oral manifestations found in these women.
Topics: Female; Humans; Dry Socket; Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; Periodontium; Gingivitis; Contraception
PubMed: 38427087
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05573-x -
The Indian Journal of Medical Research Nov 2014Contraception is a basic human right for its role on health, quality of life and wellbeing of the woman and of the society as a whole. Since the introduction of female... (Review)
Review
Contraception is a basic human right for its role on health, quality of life and wellbeing of the woman and of the society as a whole. Since the introduction of female hormonal contraception the responsibility of family planning has always been with women. Currently there are only a few contraceptive methods available for men, but recently, men have become more interested in supporting their partners actively. Over the last few decades different trials have been performed providing important advances in the development of a safe and effective hormonal contraceptive for men. This paper summarizes some of the most recent trials.
Topics: Contraception; Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; Humans; Male; Research; Spermatogenesis
PubMed: 25673544
DOI: No ID Found -
Contraception Apr 2023To examine challenges accessing contraception in the past year and their association with interest in using an over the counter (OTC) oral contraceptive pill (OCP) among...
Challenges accessing contraceptive care and interest in over-the-counter oral contraceptive pill use among Black, Indigenous, and people of color: An online cross-sectional survey.
OBJECTIVE
To examine challenges accessing contraception in the past year and their association with interest in using an over the counter (OTC) oral contraceptive pill (OCP) among Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) in the United States.
STUDY DESIGN
From May 2021 to March 2022, a collaborative research team conducted a cross-sectional online survey using convenience sampling to recruit people who identify as Asian American, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander, Black or African American, Indigenous, or Latina/Latinx and used or wanted to use a contraceptive method in the past year. Respondents were recruited through reproductive justice and community-based organizations.
RESULTS
Among 727 respondents, 45% reported experiencing at least one challenge accessing contraception in the past year of which 37% reported a logistical challenge, and 20% reported an interpersonal challenge. Sixty-seven percent of respondents said they were likely to use an OTC OCP. Respondents who reported experiencing at least one challenge accessing contraception in the past year were more likely to say they would use an OTC OCP. Fifty-seven percent of respondents who were not using a contraceptive method in the past year reported they were likely to use an OTC OCP.
CONCLUSION
Among people in this study, interest in an OTC OCP is high, particularly among those who have faced challenges accessing contraception, and among those who are not currently using a contraceptive method.
IMPLICATIONS
Availability of an OCP OTC has the potential to address challenges accessing contraceptive care among BIPOC in the United States, who are often impacted by structural inequities and racism. Findings from this study can inform future OTC implementation strategies to ensure OTC access addresses logistical and interpersonal challenges.
Topics: Female; Humans; Contraception; Contraceptive Devices; Contraceptives, Oral; Cross-Sectional Studies; United States; Black or African American; Indigenous Peoples; Racial Groups; Health Services Accessibility
PubMed: 36641098
DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2023.109950