-
Journal of Pain Research 2018Pain is an undesirable side effect of orthodontic tooth movement, which causes many patients to give up orthodontic treatment or avoid it altogether. The aim of this... (Review)
Review
Pain is an undesirable side effect of orthodontic tooth movement, which causes many patients to give up orthodontic treatment or avoid it altogether. The aim of this study was to investigate, through an analysis of the scientific literature, the best method for managing orthodontic pain. The methodological aspects involved careful definition of keywords and diligent search in databases of scientific articles published in the English language, without any restriction of publication date. We recovered 1281 articles. After the filtering and classification of these articles, 56 randomized clinical trials were selected. Of these, 19 evaluated the effects of different types of drugs for the control of orthodontic pain, 16 evaluated the effects of low-level laser therapy on orthodontic pain, and 21 evaluated other methods of pain control. Drugs reported as effective in orthodontic pain control included ibuprofen, paracetamol, naproxen sodium, aspirin, etoricoxib, meloxicam, piroxicam, and tenoxicam. Most studies report favorable outcomes in terms of alleviation of orthodontic pain with the use of low-level laser therapy. Nevertheless, we noticed that there is no consensus, both for the drug and for laser therapy, on the doses and clinical protocols most appropriate for orthodontic pain management. Alternative methods for orthodontic pain control can also broaden the clinician's range of options in the search for better patient care.
PubMed: 29588616
DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S127945 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2020Biomedicine represents one of the main study areas for dendrimers, which have proven to be valuable both in diagnostics and therapy, due to their capacity for improving... (Review)
Review
Biomedicine represents one of the main study areas for dendrimers, which have proven to be valuable both in diagnostics and therapy, due to their capacity for improving solubility, absorption, bioavailability and targeted distribution. Molecular cytotoxicity constitutes a limiting characteristic, especially for cationic and higher-generation dendrimers. Antineoplastic research of dendrimers has been widely developed, and several types of poly(amidoamine) and poly(propylene imine) dendrimer complexes with doxorubicin, paclitaxel, imatinib, sunitinib, cisplatin, melphalan and methotrexate have shown an improvement in comparison with the drug molecule alone. The anti-inflammatory therapy focused on dendrimer complexes of ibuprofen, indomethacin, piroxicam, ketoprofen and diflunisal. In the context of the development of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, dendrimer complexes of fluoroquinolones, macrolides, beta-lactamines and aminoglycosides have shown promising effects. Regarding antiviral therapy, studies have been performed to develop dendrimer conjugates with tenofovir, maraviroc, zidovudine, oseltamivir and acyclovir, among others. Furthermore, cardiovascular therapy has strongly addressed dendrimers. Employed in imaging diagnostics, dendrimers reduce the dosage required to obtain images, thus improving the efficiency of radioisotopes. Dendrimers are macromolecular structures with multiple advantages that can suffer modifications depending on the chemical nature of the drug that has to be transported. The results obtained so far encourage the pursuit of new studies.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Biomedical Technology; Cell Death; Dendrimers; Diagnostic Imaging; Humans; Toxicity Tests
PubMed: 32882920
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173982 -
European Review For Medical and... Sep 2020Remdesivir is a nucleotide analogue prodrug that inhibits viral RNA polymerases. It has been recognized recently as a promising antiviral drug against a wide array of... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Remdesivir is a nucleotide analogue prodrug that inhibits viral RNA polymerases. It has been recognized recently as a promising antiviral drug against a wide array of RNA viruses (including SARS/MERS-CoV5). We aimed at determining which drugs used in dentistry interact with Remdesivir in order to avoid adverse reactions that may worsen the condition of patients with COVID-19.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A literature review was conducted to identify potential drug interactions between remdesivir (used in the treatment of COVID-19) and drugs prescribed in dentistry. The search was made in the databases PubMed and MEDLINE and official websites using key terms remdesivir, drug interactions and dentistry for articles published up to 31st July 2020.
RESULTS
According to the articles reviewed, a total of 279 drugs interact with Remdesivir. Two major interactions have been reported, 277 moderate drug interactions, and one with alcohol/food. The drug interactions involving drugs prescribed in dentistry are all moderate drug interactions and are (according to drug group): (1) antibiotics: azithromycin, clavulanate, doxycycline, erythromycin, levofloxacin; (2) antifungals: clotrimazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole; (3) non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NAIDS): celecoxib diclofenac, etodolac, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, ketorolac, mefenamic acid, naproxen, piroxicam.
CONCLUSIONS
It is clinically necessary for oral health professionals to be aware of possible drug interactions that may occur between remdesivir and drugs commonly prescribed in dentistry in order to prevent adverse reactions that may even endanger the life of a patient with COVID-19.
Topics: Adenosine Monophosphate; Alanine; Antiviral Agents; Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Dentistry; Drug Interactions; Humans; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 33015819
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202009_23065 -
Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain... Dec 2022This double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to evaluate the pre-emptive analgesia and anti-inflammatory efficacy of piroxicam compared with...
BACKGROUND
This double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to evaluate the pre-emptive analgesia and anti-inflammatory efficacy of piroxicam compared with tramadol in patients undergoing oral surgery.
METHODS
Seventy-eight patients who required extraction of impacted mandibular third molars were randomized into three treatment groups of 26 patients each: group I received 100 mg of tramadol, group II received 20 mg of piroxicam, and group III received a placebo. Drugs were administered intramuscularly 30 min prior to the extraction procedure.
RESULTS
Pain intensity, time to first analgesic administration, total analgesic consumption, facial edema, and trismus were the outcomes of interest. The group receiving 20 mg of piroxicam showed significantly lower pain intensity, increased time to first analgesic, and reduced edema from preoperative to postoperative day seven than those in the tramadol and placebo groups.
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study showed that piroxicam had significant pain relief efficacy after third molar surgery compared with that in tramadol.
PubMed: 36601129
DOI: 10.17245/jdapm.2022.22.6.443 -
Journal of Ayub Medical College,... 2022Osteoarthritis is the most common chronic degenerative joint disease. Definite treatment of osteoarthritis is still undiscovered. This study was designed to evaluate and...
BACKGROUND
Osteoarthritis is the most common chronic degenerative joint disease. Definite treatment of osteoarthritis is still undiscovered. This study was designed to evaluate and compare the chondroprotective efficacy of piroxicam and triamcinolone in rat model of osteoarthritis.
METHODS
This laboratory based experimental study was conducted in Pharmacology Department, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, from April-June 2019. Osteoarthritis was induced by medial meniscectomy and anterior cruciate ligament resection in knee joints of twenty-four rats. They were divided in three groups with eight rats in each. Group I, II and III were control, piroxicam and triamcinolone groups that were treated by intra articular saline, piroxicam and triamcinolone once weekly for four weeks respectively and then gait pattern was scored. Animals were euthanized thereafter and samples were taken for histopathological analysis.
RESULTS
Comparison of gait score of control, piroxicam and triamcinolone groups exhibited a p-value of <0.01. Intergroup comparison of gait of group I and II, group I and III and group II and IV depicted pvalue of <0.001,0.013 and 0.013 respectively. Likewise histopathological comparison of control, piroxicam and triamcinolone groups showed p-value of <0.01. While Intergroup histopathological comparison of group I and II, group I and III and group II and IV showed p-value of <0.001, <0.001 and 0.008 respectively.
CONCLUSION
Comparison of control group with treatment group proved chondroprotective efficacy of piroxicam and triamcinolone. On comparison of treatment groups, it was concluded that piroxicam has better chondroprotective efficacy as compared to triamcinolone.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Injections, Intra-Articular; Knee Joint; Osteoarthritis, Knee; Piroxicam; Rats; Triamcinolone
PubMed: 35466627
DOI: 10.55519/JAMC-01-8924 -
European Journal of Pharmacology Sep 2023Capsaicin and allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) activate transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) and TRP ankyrin-1 (TRPA1), respectively. TRPV1 and TRPA1...
Capsaicin and allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) activate transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) and TRP ankyrin-1 (TRPA1), respectively. TRPV1 and TRPA1 expression have been identified in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. GI mucosal functions remain largely undefined for TRPV1 and TRPA1 with side-dependence and regional differences in signalling unclear. Here we investigated TRPV1- and TRPA1-induced vectorial ion transport as changes in short-circuit current (ΔI), in defined segments of mouse colon mucosa (ascending, transverse and descending) under voltage-clamp conditions in Ussing chambers. Drugs were applied basolaterally (bl) or apically (ap). Capsaicin responses were biphasic, with primary secretory and secondary anti-secretory phases, observed with bl application only, which predominated in descending colon. AITC responses were monophasic and secretory, with ΔI dependent on colonic region (ascending vs. descending) and sidedness (bl vs. ap). Aprepitant (neurokinin-1 (NK1) antagonist, bl) and tetrodotoxin (Na channel blocker, bl) significantly inhibited capsaicin primary responses in descending colon, while GW627368 (EP4 receptor antagonist, bl) and piroxicam (cyclooxygenase inhibitor, bl) inhibited AITC responses in ascending and descending colonic mucosae. Antagonism of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor had no effect on mucosal TRPV1 signalling, while tetrodotoxin and antagonists of the 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 and 4 receptors, CGRP receptor, and EP1/2/3 receptors had no effect on mucosal TRPA1 signalling. Our data demonstrates the regional-specificity and side-dependence of colonic TRPV1 and TRPA1 signalling, with involvement of submucosal neurons and mediation by epithelial NK1 receptor activation for TRPV1, and endogenous prostaglandins and EP4 receptor activation for TRPA1 mucosal responses.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Transient Receptor Potential Channels; TRPA1 Cation Channel; Capsaicin; Tetrodotoxin; Colon; Mucous Membrane; TRPV Cation Channels
PubMed: 37394028
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175897 -
Cancers May 2021(1) The incidence of skin cancer is increasing in the United States (US) despite scientific advances in our understanding of skin cancer risk factors and treatments. In... (Review)
Review
(1) The incidence of skin cancer is increasing in the United States (US) despite scientific advances in our understanding of skin cancer risk factors and treatments. In vitro and in vivo studies have provided evidence that suggests that certain photosensitizing medications (PSMs) increase skin cancer risk. This review summarizes current epidemiological evidence on the association between common PSMs and skin cancer. (2) A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify meta-analyses, observational studies and clinical trials that report on skin cancer events in PSM users. The associated risks of keratinocyte carcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma) and melanoma are summarized, for each PSM. (3) There are extensive reports on antihypertensives and statins relative to other PSMs, with positive and null findings, respectively. Fewer studies have explored amiodarone, metformin, antimicrobials and vemurafenib. No studies report on the individual skin cancer risks in glyburide, naproxen, piroxicam, chlorpromazine, thioridazine and nalidixic acid users. (4) The research gaps in understanding the relationship between PSMs and skin cancer outlined in this review should be prioritized because the US population is aging. Thus the number of patients prescribed PSMs is likely to continue to rise.
PubMed: 34066301
DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102344 -
CA: a Cancer Journal For Clinicians 2024Pain is one of the most burdensome symptoms in people with cancer, and opioid analgesics are considered the mainstay of cancer pain management. For this review, the... (Review)
Review
Pain is one of the most burdensome symptoms in people with cancer, and opioid analgesics are considered the mainstay of cancer pain management. For this review, the authors evaluated the efficacy and toxicities of opioid analgesics compared with placebo, other opioids, nonopioid analgesics, and nonpharmacologic treatments for background cancer pain (continuous and relatively constant pain present at rest), and breakthrough cancer pain (transient exacerbation of pain despite stable and adequately controlled background pain). They found a paucity of placebo-controlled trials for background cancer pain, although tapentadol or codeine may be more efficacious than placebo (moderate-certainty to low-certainty evidence). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs including aspirin, piroxicam, diclofenac, ketorolac, and the antidepressant medicine imipramine, may be at least as efficacious as opioids for moderate-to-severe background cancer pain. For breakthrough cancer pain, oral transmucosal, buccal, sublingual, or intranasal fentanyl preparations were identified as more efficacious than placebo but were more commonly associated with toxicities, including constipation and nausea. Despite being recommended worldwide for the treatment of cancer pain, morphine was generally not superior to other opioids, nor did it have a more favorable toxicity profile. The interpretation of study results, however, was complicated by the heterogeneity in the study populations evaluated. Given the limited quality and quantity of research, there is a need to reappraise the clinical utility of opioids in people with cancer pain, particularly those who are not at the end of life, and to further explore the effects of opioids on immune system function and quality of life in these individuals.
Topics: Humans; Analgesics, Opioid; Cancer Pain; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Nociceptive Pain; Neoplasms; Pain Management
PubMed: 38108561
DOI: 10.3322/caac.21823 -
Crystal Growth & Design Nov 2022Piroxicam (PRM) and meloxicam (MEL) are two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, belonging to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class II drugs. In this study,...
Piroxicam (PRM) and meloxicam (MEL) are two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, belonging to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class II drugs. In this study, six novel pharmaceutical salts of PRM and MEL with three basic organic counterions, that is, 4-aminopyridine (4AP), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (4DMP), and piperazine (PPZ), were prepared by both slurrying and slow evaporation. These salts were characterized by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. All six salts, especially MEL-4DMP and MEL-4AP, showed a significantly improved apparent solubility and dissolution rate in sodium phosphate solution compared with the pure APIs. Notably, PRM-4AP and PRM-4DMP salts exhibited enhanced fluorescence, and the PRM-PPZ salt showed weaker fluorescence compared with that of pure PRM due to different luminescence mechanisms.
PubMed: 36817751
DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00722