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The Plant Cell Mar 2022Light and temperature change constantly under natural conditions and profoundly affect plant growth and development. Light and warmer temperatures promote flowering,... (Review)
Review
Light and temperature change constantly under natural conditions and profoundly affect plant growth and development. Light and warmer temperatures promote flowering, higher light intensity inhibits hypocotyl and petiole elongation, and warmer temperatures promote hypocotyl and petiole elongation. Moreover, exogenous light and temperature signals must be integrated with endogenous signals to fine-tune phytohormone metabolism and plant morphology. Plants perceive and respond to light and ambient temperature using common sets of factors, such as photoreceptors and multiple light signal transduction components. These highly structured signaling networks are critical for plant survival and adaptation. This review discusses how plants respond to variable light and temperature conditions using common elements to coordinate their development. Future directions for research on light and temperature signaling pathways are also discussed.
Topics: Arabidopsis Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Hypocotyl; Light; Plant Development; Plants; Temperature
PubMed: 34904672
DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab302 -
Trends in Plant Science May 2018Mitophagy is a conserved cellular process that is important for autophagic removal of damaged mitochondria to maintain a healthy mitochondrial population. Mitophagy also... (Review)
Review
Mitophagy is a conserved cellular process that is important for autophagic removal of damaged mitochondria to maintain a healthy mitochondrial population. Mitophagy also appears to occur in plants and has roles in development, stress response, senescence, and programmed cell death. However, many of the genes that control mitophagy in yeast and animal cells are absent from plants, and no plant proteins marking defunct mitochondria for autophagic degradation are yet known. New insights implicate general autophagy-related proteins in mitophagy, affecting the senescence of plant tissues. Mitophagy control and its importance for energy metabolism, survival, signaling, and cell death in plants are discussed. Furthermore, we suggest mitochondrial membrane proteins containing ATG8-interacting motifs, which might serve as mitophagy receptor proteins in plant mitochondria.
Topics: Energy Metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Proteins; Mitophagy; Plant Development; Plants
PubMed: 29576328
DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.02.010 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Jun 2019Plants can solve amazingly difficult tasks while adjusting their growth and development to the environment. They can explore and exploit several resources... (Review)
Review
Plants can solve amazingly difficult tasks while adjusting their growth and development to the environment. They can explore and exploit several resources simultaneously, even when the distributions of these vary in space and time. The systematic study of plant behaviour goes back to Darwin's book The power of movement in plants. Current research has highlighted that modularity is a key to understanding plant behaviour, as the production, functional specialization and death of modules enable the plant to adjust its movement to the environment. The adjustment is assisted by a flow of information and resources among the modules. Experiments have yielded many results about these processes in various plant species. Theoretical research, however, has lagged behind the empirical studies, possibly owing to the lack of a proper modelling framework that could encompass the high number of components and interactions. In this paper, I propose such a framework on the basis of network theory, viewing the plant as a group of connected, semi-autonomous agents. I review some characteristic plant responses to the environment through changing the states of agents and/or links. I also point out some unexplored areas, in which a dialogue between plant science and network theory could be mutually inspiring. This article is part of the theme issue 'Liquid brains, solid brains: How distributed cognitive architectures process information'.
Topics: Plant Development; Plant Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 31006361
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0371 -
Current Opinion in Plant Biology Dec 2023Beneficial microorganisms colonizing internal plant tissues, the endophytes, support their host through plant growth promotion, pathogen protection, and abiotic stress... (Review)
Review
Beneficial microorganisms colonizing internal plant tissues, the endophytes, support their host through plant growth promotion, pathogen protection, and abiotic stress alleviation. Their efficient application in agriculture requires the understanding of the molecular mechanisms and environmental conditions that facilitate in planta accommodation. Accumulating evidence reveals that commensal microorganisms employ similar colonization strategies as their pathogenic counterparts. Fine-tuning of immune response, motility, and metabolic crosstalk accounts for their differentiation. For a holistic perspective, in planta experiments with microbial collections and comprehensive genome data exploration are crucial. This review describes the most recent findings on factors involved in endophytic colonization processes, focusing on bacteria and fungi, and discusses required methodological approaches to unravel their relevance within a community context.
Topics: Endophytes; Symbiosis; Fungi; Plants; Plant Development
PubMed: 37939457
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102483 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2018DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification required for transposable element (TE) silencing, genome stability, and genomic imprinting. Although DNA methylation has... (Review)
Review
DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification required for transposable element (TE) silencing, genome stability, and genomic imprinting. Although DNA methylation has been intensively studied, the dynamic nature of methylation among different species has just begun to be understood. Here we summarize the recent progress in research on the wide variation of DNA methylation in different plants, organs, tissues, and cells; dynamic changes of methylation are also reported during plant growth and development as well as changes in response to environmental stresses. Overall DNA methylation is quite diverse among species, and it occurs in CG, CHG, and CHH (H = A, C, or T) contexts of genes and TEs in angiosperms. Moderately expressed genes are most likely methylated in gene bodies. Methylation levels decrease significantly just upstream of the transcription start site and around transcription termination sites; its levels in the promoter are inversely correlated with the expression of some genes in plants. Methylation can be altered by different environmental stimuli such as pathogens and abiotic stresses. It is likely that methylation existed in the common eukaryotic ancestor before fungi, plants and animals diverged during evolution. In summary, DNA methylation patterns in angiosperms are complex, dynamic, and an integral part of genome diversity after millions of years of evolution.
Topics: DNA Methylation; Epigenesis, Genetic; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Development
PubMed: 30041459
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072144 -
Plant, Cell & Environment Nov 2017The red/far-red light absorbing photoreceptors phytochromes regulate development and growth and thus play an essential role in optimizing adaptation of the sessile... (Review)
Review
The red/far-red light absorbing photoreceptors phytochromes regulate development and growth and thus play an essential role in optimizing adaptation of the sessile plants to the ever-changing environment. Our understanding of how absorption of a red/far-red photon by phytochromes initiates/modifies diverse physiological responses has been steadily improving. Research performed in the last 5 years has been especially productive and led to significant conceptual changes about the mode of action of these photoreceptors. In this review, we focus on the phytochrome B photoreceptor, the major phytochrome species active in light-grown plants. We discuss how its light-independent inactivation (termed dark/thermal reversion), post-translational modification, including ubiquitination, phosphorylation and sumoylation, as well as heterodimerization with other phytochrome species modify red light-controlled physiological responses. Finally, we discuss how photobiological properties of phytochrome B enable this photoreceptor to function also as a thermosensor.
Topics: Light; Phytochrome; Plant Development; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Signal Transduction; Temperature
PubMed: 27943362
DOI: 10.1111/pce.12880 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2018Plant hormones through signaling networks mutually regulate several signaling and metabolic systems essential for both plant development and plant responses to different... (Review)
Review
Plant hormones through signaling networks mutually regulate several signaling and metabolic systems essential for both plant development and plant responses to different environmental stresses. Extensive research has enabled the main effects of all known phytohormones classes to be identified. Therefore, it is now possible to investigate the interesting topic of plant hormonal crosstalk more fully. In this review, we focus on the role of brassinosteroids and ethylene during plant growth and development especially flowering, ripening of fruits, apical hook development, and root and shoot growth. As well as it summarizes their interaction during various abiotic stress conditions.
Topics: Brassinosteroids; Ethylenes; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Development; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 30360451
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103283 -
Developmental Biology Jul 2019Plant growth and development are driven by extended phases of irreversible cell expansion generating cells that increase in volume from 10- to 100-fold. Some specialized... (Review)
Review
Plant growth and development are driven by extended phases of irreversible cell expansion generating cells that increase in volume from 10- to 100-fold. Some specialized cell types define cortical sites that reinitiate polarized growth and generate branched cell morphology. This structural specialization of individual cells has a major importance for plant adaptation to diverse environments and practical importance in agricultural contexts. The patterns of cell shape are defined by highly integrated cytoskeletal and cell wall systems. Microtubules and actin filaments locally define the material properties of a tough outer cell wall to generate complex shapes. Forward genetics, powerful live cell imaging experiments, and computational modeling have provided insights into understanding of mechanisms of cell shape control. In particular, finite element modeling of the cell wall provides a new way to discover which cell wall heterogeneities generate complex cell shapes, and how cell shape and cell wall stress can feedback on the cytoskeleton to maintain growth patterns. This review focuses on cytoskeleton-dependent cell wall patterning during cell branching, and how combinations of multi-scale imaging experiments and computational modeling are being used to unravel systems-level control of morphogenesis.
Topics: Actin Cytoskeleton; Cell Cycle; Cell Shape; Cell Wall; Plant Cells; Plant Development; Plants
PubMed: 30529250
DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.12.004 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2022Despite recent advancements in plant molecular biology and biotechnology, providing enough, and safe, food for an increasing world population remains a challenge. The... (Review)
Review
Despite recent advancements in plant molecular biology and biotechnology, providing enough, and safe, food for an increasing world population remains a challenge. The research into plant development and environmental adaptability has attracted more and more attention from various countries. The transcription of some genes, regulated by transcript factors (TFs), and their response to biological and abiotic stresses, are activated or inhibited during plant development; examples include, rooting, flowering, fruit ripening, drought, flooding, high temperature, pathogen infection, etc. Therefore, the screening and characterization of transcription factors have increasingly become a hot topic in the field of plant research. BLH/BELL (BEL1-like homeodomain) transcription factors belong to a subfamily of the TALE (three-amino-acid-loop-extension) superfamily and its members are involved in the regulation of many vital biological processes, during plant development and environmental response. This review focuses on the advances in our understanding of the function of BLH/BELL TFs in different plants and their involvement in the development of meristems, flower, fruit, plant morphogenesis, plant cell wall structure, the response to the environment, including light and plant resistance to stress, biosynthesis and signaling of ABA (Abscisic acid), IAA (Indoleacetic acid), GA (Gibberellic Acid) and JA (Jasmonic Acid). We discuss the theoretical basis and potential regulatory models for BLH/BELL TFs' action and provide a comprehensive view of their multiple roles in modulating different aspects of plant development and response to environmental stress and phytohormones. We also present the value of BLHs in the molecular breeding of improved crop varieties and the future research direction of the BLH gene family.
Topics: Abscisic Acid; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Development; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Proteins; Plants; Stress, Physiological; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 35409091
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073731 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Feb 2019The well-being of the microbial community that densely populates the rhizosphere is aided by a plant's root exudates. Maintaining a plant's health is a key factor in its... (Review)
Review
The well-being of the microbial community that densely populates the rhizosphere is aided by a plant's root exudates. Maintaining a plant's health is a key factor in its continued existence. As minute as rhizospheric microbes are, their importance in plant growth cannot be overemphasized. They depend on plants for nutrients and other necessary requirements. The relationship between the rhizosphere-microbiome (rhizobiome) and plant hosts can be beneficial, non-effectual, or pathogenic depending on the microbes and the plant involved. This relationship, to a large extent, determines the fate of the host plant's survival. Modern molecular techniques have been used to unravel rhizobiome species' composition, but the interplay between the rhizobiome root exudates and other factors in the maintenance of a healthy plant have not as yet been thoroughly investigated. Many functional proteins are activated in plants upon contact with external factors. These proteins may elicit growth promoting or growth suppressing responses from the plants. To optimize the growth and productivity of host plants, rhizobiome microbial diversity and modulatory techniques need to be clearly understood for improved plant health.
Topics: Bacteria; Fungi; Microbiota; Plant Development; Plant Exudates; Plant Roots; Plants; Quorum Sensing; Rhizosphere; Symbiosis
PubMed: 30570692
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9556-6