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International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2021Flavonoids are an important class of secondary metabolites widely found in plants, contributing to plant growth and development and having prominent applications in food... (Review)
Review
Flavonoids are an important class of secondary metabolites widely found in plants, contributing to plant growth and development and having prominent applications in food and medicine. The biosynthesis of flavonoids has long been the focus of intense research in plant biology. Flavonoids are derived from the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway, and have a basic structure that comprises a C15 benzene ring structure of C6-C3-C6. Over recent decades, a considerable number of studies have been directed at elucidating the mechanisms involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in plants. In this review, we systematically summarize the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. We further assemble an exhaustive map of flavonoid biosynthesis in plants comprising eight branches (stilbene, aurone, flavone, isoflavone, flavonol, phlobaphene, proanthocyanidin, and anthocyanin biosynthesis) and four important intermediate metabolites (chalcone, flavanone, dihydroflavonol, and leucoanthocyanidin). This review affords a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge regarding flavonoid biosynthesis, and provides the theoretical basis for further elucidating the pathways involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids, which will aid in better understanding their functions and potential uses.
Topics: Biosynthetic Pathways; Flavonoids; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gene Regulatory Networks; Plant Proteins; Plants
PubMed: 34884627
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312824 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2018Auxin plays a crucial role in the diverse cellular and developmental responses of plants across their lifespan. Plants can quickly sense and respond to changes in auxin... (Review)
Review
Auxin plays a crucial role in the diverse cellular and developmental responses of plants across their lifespan. Plants can quickly sense and respond to changes in auxin levels, and these responses involve several major classes of auxin-responsive genes, including the () family, the () family, (), and the () family. Aux/IAA proteins are short-lived nuclear proteins comprising several highly conserved domains that are encoded by the auxin early response gene family. These proteins have specific domains that interact with ARFs and inhibit the transcription of genes activated by ARFs. Molecular studies have revealed that Aux/IAA family members can form diverse dimers with to regulate genes in various ways. Functional analyses of Aux/IAA family members have indicated that they have various roles in plant development, such as root development, shoot growth, and fruit ripening. In this review, recently discovered details regarding the molecular characteristics, regulation, and protein-protein interactions of the Aux/IAA proteins are discussed. These details provide new insights into the molecular basis of the Aux/IAA protein functions in plant developmental processes.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Indoleacetic Acids; Multigene Family; Plant Development; Plant Proteins; Plants
PubMed: 29337875
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010259 -
Current Biology : CB Mar 2020In this Primer, Seraphim and Houry highlight the structural features and functional diversity of AAA+ proteins and summarise our current knowledge of the molecular...
In this Primer, Seraphim and Houry highlight the structural features and functional diversity of AAA+ proteins and summarise our current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms driving the activities of these proteins.
Topics: AAA Proteins; Archaeal Proteins; Bacterial Proteins; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 32208144
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.044 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2017n/a.
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Topics: Plant Proteins; Plants; Proteome; Proteomics; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
PubMed: 28054969
DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010088 -
Biomolecules May 2021Plant development represents a continuous process in which the plant undergoes morphological, (epi)genetic and metabolic changes. Starting from pollination, seed... (Review)
Review
Plant development represents a continuous process in which the plant undergoes morphological, (epi)genetic and metabolic changes. Starting from pollination, seed maturation and germination, the plant continues to grow and develops specialized organs to survive, thrive and generate offspring. The development of plants and the interplay with its environment are highly linked to glycosylation of proteins and lipids as well as metabolism and signaling of sugars. Although the involvement of these protein modifications and sugars is well-studied, there is still a long road ahead to profoundly comprehend their nature, significance, importance for plant development and the interplay with stress responses. This review, approached from the plants' perspective, aims to focus on some key findings highlighting the importance of glycosylation and sugar signaling for plant development.
Topics: Epigenesis, Genetic; Germination; Glycosylation; Plant Development; Plant Proteins; Plants; Sugars
PubMed: 34070047
DOI: 10.3390/biom11050756 -
Genomics Mar 2021Here, 38 wheat PYL genes (TaPYLs) belonging to 13 homoeologous groups were identified using the genome-search method, with 26 and 12 PYL genes identified in Triticum...
Here, 38 wheat PYL genes (TaPYLs) belonging to 13 homoeologous groups were identified using the genome-search method, with 26 and 12 PYL genes identified in Triticum dicoccoides and Aegilops tauschii, respectively. Phylogenetic relationship, conserved domain and molecular evolution analysis revealed that PYL genes showed highly conservative between wheat and theprogenitors. Interaction network and miRNA target prediction found that TaPYLs could interact with the important components of ABA signaling pathway and Tae-miR966b-3p might be a hub regulator mediating wheat ABA signal network. Furthermore, the tissue-specific and stress-responsive TaPYLs were detected through RNA-seq analysis. Expressions of 10 TaPYLs were validated by QPCR analysis and the homoeologous genes showed significantly differential expression, suggesting subfunctionalization of them has occurred. Finally, 3D structures of the TaPYL proteins were predicted by homology modeling. This study lays the foundation for further functional study of PYL genes for development and stress tolerance improvement in wheat and beyond.
Topics: Conserved Sequence; Evolution, Molecular; Exons; Introns; Multigene Family; Plant Proteins; Protein Domains; Triticum
PubMed: 33321205
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.12.017 -
Annals of Botany Apr 2023Caleosin/peroxygenases (CLO/PXGs) are a family of multifunctional proteins that are ubiquitous in land plants and are also found in some fungi and green algae. CLO/PXGs... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Caleosin/peroxygenases (CLO/PXGs) are a family of multifunctional proteins that are ubiquitous in land plants and are also found in some fungi and green algae. CLO/PXGs were initially described as a class of plant lipid-associated proteins with some similarities to the oleosins that stabilize lipid droplets (LDs) in storage tissues, such as seeds. However, we now know that CLO/PXGs have more complex structures, distributions and functions than oleosins. Structurally, CLO/PXGs share conserved domains that confer specific biochemical features, and they have diverse localizations and functions.
SCOPE
This review surveys the structural properties of CLO/PXGs and their biochemical roles. In addition to their highly conserved structures, CLO/PXGs have peroxygenase activities and are involved in several aspects of oxylipin metabolism in plants. The enzymatic activities and the spatiotemporal expression of CLO/PXGs are described and linked with their wider involvement in plant physiology. Plant CLO/PXGs have many roles in both biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants and in their responses to environmental toxins. Finally, some intriguing developments in the biotechnological uses of CLO/PXGs are addressed.
CONCLUSIONS
It is now two decades since CLO/PXGs were first recognized as a new class of lipid-associated proteins and only 15 years since their additional enzymatic functions as a new class of peroxygenases were discovered. There are many interesting research questions that remain to be addressed in future physiological studies of plant CLO/PXGs and in their recently discovered roles in the sequestration and, possibly, detoxification of a wide variety of lipidic xenobiotics that can challenge plant welfare.
Topics: Plant Proteins; Plants; Lipids
PubMed: 36656070
DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad001 -
Toxins Jan 2023After more than 50 years of research, studies on the structure and biological activities of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) continue to provide a field of great...
After more than 50 years of research, studies on the structure and biological activities of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) continue to provide a field of great interest within the scientific community, both for the health risks they pose and their applications in medicine and biotechnology [...].
Topics: Ribosome Inactivating Proteins; Ribosomes; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 36668855
DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010035 -
Current Biology : CB Apr 2020Liu et al. introduce the SERK family of receptor-like kinases. (Review)
Review
Liu et al. introduce the SERK family of receptor-like kinases.
Topics: Arabidopsis Proteins; Carrier Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Proteins; Protein Kinases
PubMed: 32259496
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.043 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2019Extensive research over several decades in plant light signaling mediated by photoreceptors has identified the molecular mechanisms for how phytochromes regulate... (Review)
Review
Extensive research over several decades in plant light signaling mediated by photoreceptors has identified the molecular mechanisms for how phytochromes regulate photomorphogenic development, which includes degradation of phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) and inactivation of COP1-SPA complexes with the accumulation of master transcription factors for photomorphogenesis, such as HY5. However, the initial biochemical mechanism for the function of phytochromes has not been fully elucidated. Plant phytochromes have long been known as phosphoproteins, and a few protein phosphatases that directly interact with and dephosphorylate phytochromes have been identified. However, there is no report thus far of a protein kinase that acts on phytochromes. On the other hand, plant phytochromes have been suggested as autophosphorylating serine/threonine protein kinases, proposing that the kinase activity might be important for their functions. Indeed, the autophosphorylation of phytochromes has been reported to play an important role in the regulation of plant light signaling. More recently, evidence that phytochromes function as protein kinases in plant light signaling has been provided using phytochrome mutants displaying reduced kinase activities. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the reversible phosphorylation of phytochromes and their functions as protein kinases in plant light signaling.
Topics: Enzyme Activation; Light Signal Transduction; Phosphorylation; Phytochrome; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Plant Proteins; Plants; Protein Binding; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs; Protein Kinases
PubMed: 31337079
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143450