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Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions :... Feb 2024Embedded in the plasma membrane of plant cells, receptor kinases (RKs) and receptor proteins (RPs) act as key sentinels, responsible for detecting potential pathogenic... (Review)
Review
Embedded in the plasma membrane of plant cells, receptor kinases (RKs) and receptor proteins (RPs) act as key sentinels, responsible for detecting potential pathogenic invaders. These proteins were originally characterized more than three decades ago as disease resistance (R) proteins, a concept that was formulated based on Harold Flor's gene-for-gene theory. This theory implies genetic interaction between specific plant R proteins and corresponding pathogenic effectors, eliciting effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Over the years, extensive research has unraveled their intricate roles in pathogen sensing and immune response modulation. RKs and RPs recognize molecular patterns from microbes as well as dangers from plant cells in initiating pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and danger-triggered immunity (DTI), which have intricate connections with ETI. Moreover, these proteins are involved in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity. This review showcases seminal studies in discovering RKs and RPs as R proteins and discusses the recent advances in understanding their functions in sensing pathogen signals and the plant cell integrity and in preventing autoimmunity, ultimately contributing to a robust and balanced plant defense response. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2024.
Topics: Plants; Receptors, Pattern Recognition; Plant Proteins; Disease Resistance; Carrier Proteins; Plant Immunity; Plant Diseases
PubMed: 38416059
DOI: 10.1094/MPMI-10-23-0177-HH -
The New Phytologist Mar 2022Blue-light (BL) phototropin receptors (phot1 and phot2) regulate plant growth by activating NPH3/RPT2-like (NRL) family members. Little is known about roles for BL and...
Blue-light (BL) phototropin receptors (phot1 and phot2) regulate plant growth by activating NPH3/RPT2-like (NRL) family members. Little is known about roles for BL and phots in regulating plant immunity. We showed previously that Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector Pi02860 targets potato (St)NRL1, promoting its ability to enhance susceptibility by facilitating proteasome-mediated degradation of the immune regulator StSWAP70. This raises the question: do BL and phots negatively regulate immunity? We employed coimmunoprecipitation, virus-induced gene silencing, transient overexpression and targeted mutation to investigate contributions of phots to regulating immunity. Whereas transient overexpression of Stphot1 and Stphot2 enhances P. infestans colonization of Nicotiana benthamiana, silencing endogenous Nbphot1 or Nbphot2 reduces infection. Stphot1, but not Stphot2, suppressed the INF1-triggered cell death (ICD) immune response in a BL- and NRL1-dependent manner. Stphot1, when coexpressed with StNRL1, promotes degradation of StSWAP70, whereas Stphot2 does not. Kinase-dead Stphot1 fails to suppress ICD, enhance P. infestans colonization or promote StSWAP70 degradation. Critically, BL enhances P. infestans infection, which probably involves phots but not other BL receptors such as cryptochromes and F-box proteins ZTL1 and FKF1. We demonstrate that Stphot1 and Stphot2 play different roles in promoting susceptibility, and Stphot1 kinase activity is required for BL- and StNRL1-mediated immune suppression.
Topics: Phototropins; Phytophthora infestans; Plant Diseases; Plant Immunity; Plant Proteins; Nicotiana
PubMed: 34923631
DOI: 10.1111/nph.17929 -
Journal of Plant Research May 2021Climate change, malnutrition, and food insecurity are the inevitable challenges being faced by the agriculture sector today. Plants are susceptible to extreme... (Review)
Review
Climate change, malnutrition, and food insecurity are the inevitable challenges being faced by the agriculture sector today. Plants are susceptible to extreme temperatures during the crucial phases of flowering and seed development, and elevated carbon levels also lead to yield losses. Productivity is also affected by floods and droughts. Therefore, increasing plant yield and stress tolerance are the priorities to be met through novel biotechnological interventions. The contributions of NAC genes towards enhancing plant survivability under stress is well known. Here we focus on the potential of NAC genes in the regulation of abiotic stress tolerance, secondary cell wall synthesis, lateral root development, yield potential, seed size and biomass, ROS signaling, leaf senescence, and programmed cell death. Once naturally tolerant candidate NAC genes have been identified, and the nature of their association with growth and fitness against multi-environmental stresses has been determined, they can be exploited for building inherent tolerance in future crops via transgenic technologies. An update on the latest developments is provided in this review, which summarizes the current understanding of the roles of NAC in the establishment of various stress-adaptive mechanisms in model and food crop plants.
Topics: Droughts; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Proteins; Plants, Genetically Modified; Stress, Physiological; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 33616799
DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01270-y -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2021Large-scale high-throughput multi-omics technologies are indispensable components of systems biology in terms of discovering and defining parts of the system [...].
Large-scale high-throughput multi-omics technologies are indispensable components of systems biology in terms of discovering and defining parts of the system [...].
Topics: Plant Proteins; Plants; Proteomics; Stress, Physiological; Systems Biology
PubMed: 34948158
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413362 -
Plant Physiology Apr 2024It has been almost a century since biologically active gibberellin (GA) was isolated. Here, we give a historical overview of the early efforts in establishing the GA... (Review)
Review
It has been almost a century since biologically active gibberellin (GA) was isolated. Here, we give a historical overview of the early efforts in establishing the GA biosynthesis and catabolism pathway, characterizing the enzymes for GA metabolism, and elucidating their corresponding genes. We then highlight more recent studies that have identified the GA receptors and early GA signaling components (DELLA repressors and F-box activators), determined the molecular mechanism of DELLA-mediated transcription reprograming, and revealed how DELLAs integrate multiple signaling pathways to regulate plant vegetative and reproductive development in response to internal and external cues. Finally, we discuss the GA transporters and their roles in GA-mediated plant development.
Topics: Gibberellins; Plant Growth Regulators; Signal Transduction; Plant Development; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 38290048
DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae044 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2019The DUF642 protein family is found exclusively in spermatophytes and is represented by 10 genes in Arabidopsis and in most of the 24 plant species analyzed to date. Even... (Review)
Review
The DUF642 protein family is found exclusively in spermatophytes and is represented by 10 genes in Arabidopsis and in most of the 24 plant species analyzed to date. Even though the primary structure of DUF642 proteins is highly conserved in different spermatophyte species, studies of their expression patterns in Arabidopsis have shown that the spatial-temporal expression pattern for each gene is specific and consistent with the phenotypes of the mutant plants studied so far. Additionally, the regulation of DUF642 gene expression by hormones and environmental stimuli was specific for each gene, showing both up- and down-regulation depending of the analyzed tissue and the intensity or duration of the stimuli. These expression patterns suggest that the DUF642 genes are involved throughout the development and growth of plants. In general, changes in the expression patterns of DUF642 genes can be related to changes in pectin methyl esterase activity and/or to changes in the degree of methyl-esterified homogalacturonans during plant development in different cell types. Thus, the regulation of pectin methyl esterases mediated by DUF642 genes could contribute to the regulation of the cell wall properties during plant growth.
Topics: Cell Wall; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Genes, Plant; Plant Development; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 31284602
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133333 -
Plant, Cell & Environment Jul 2021Sensing and response to high temperatures are crucial to prevent heat-related damage and to preserve cellular and metabolic functions. The response to heat stress is a... (Review)
Review
Sensing and response to high temperatures are crucial to prevent heat-related damage and to preserve cellular and metabolic functions. The response to heat stress is a complex and coordinated process that involves several subcellular compartments and multi-level regulatory networks that are synchronized to avoid cell damage while maintaining cellular homeostasis. In this review, we provide an insight into the most recent advances in elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in heat stress sensing and response in Marchantia polymorpha. Based on the signaling pathways and genes that were identified in Marchantia, our analyses indicate that although with specific particularities, the core components of the heat stress response seem conserved in bryophytes and angiosperms. Liverworts not only constitute a powerful tool to study heat stress response and signaling pathways during plant evolution, but also provide key and simple mechanisms to cope with extreme temperatures. Given the increasing prevalence of high temperatures around the world as a result of global warming, this knowledge provides a new set of molecular tools with potential agronomical applications.
Topics: Epigenesis, Genetic; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Heat-Shock Response; Marchantia; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Proteins; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 33058168
DOI: 10.1111/pce.13914 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2021Plant cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs) are tetrameric cation channels which may be activated by the cyclic nucleotides (cNMPs) adenosine 3',5'-cyclic... (Review)
Review
Plant cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs) are tetrameric cation channels which may be activated by the cyclic nucleotides (cNMPs) adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP). The genome of encodes 20 CNGC subunits associated with aspects of development, stress response and immunity. Recently, it has been demonstrated that CNGC subunits form heterotetrameric complexes which behave differently from the homotetramers produced by their constituent subunits. These findings have widespread implications for future signalling research and may help explain how specificity can be achieved by CNGCs that are known to act in disparate pathways. Regulation of complex formation may involve cyclic nucleotide-gated channel-like proteins.
Topics: Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels; Plant Proteins; Protein Multimerization; Protein Processing, Post-Translational
PubMed: 33467208
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020874 -
Plant Physiology May 2018During plant-pathogen interactions, plants use intracellular proteins with nucleotide-binding site and Leu-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) domains to detect pathogens. NBS-LRR...
During plant-pathogen interactions, plants use intracellular proteins with nucleotide-binding site and Leu-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) domains to detect pathogens. NBS-LRR proteins represent a major class of plant disease resistance genes (-genes). Whereas -genes have been well characterized in angiosperms, little is known about their origin and early diversification. Here, we perform comprehensive evolutionary analyses of -genes in plants and report the identification of -genes in basal-branching streptophytes, including charophytes, liverworts, and mosses. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that plant -genes originated in charophytes and R-proteins diversified into TIR-NBS-LRR proteins and non-TIR-NBS-LRR proteins in charophytes. Moreover, we show that plant R-proteins evolved in a modular fashion through frequent gain or loss of protein domains. Most of the -genes in basal-branching streptophytes underwent adaptive evolution, indicating an ancient involvement of -genes in plant-pathogen interactions. Our findings provide novel insights into the origin and evolution of -genes and the mechanisms underlying colonization of terrestrial environments by plants.
Topics: Adaptation, Biological; Bryophyta; Charophyceae; Evolution, Molecular; Genes, Plant; Genome, Plant; Phylogeny; Plant Diseases; Plant Proteins; Protein Domains; Streptophyta
PubMed: 29563207
DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00185 -
Plant Physiology Jun 2020As one of the largest families of transcription factors (TFs) in plants, R2R3-MYB proteins play crucial roles in regulating a series of plant-specific biological...
As one of the largest families of transcription factors (TFs) in plants, R2R3-MYB proteins play crucial roles in regulating a series of plant-specific biological processes. Although the diversity of plant R2R3-MYB TFs has been studied previously, the processes and mechanisms underlying the expansion of these proteins remain unclear. Here, we performed evolutionary analyses of plant R2R3-MYB TFs with dense coverage of streptophyte algae and embryophytes. Our analyses revealed that ancestral land plants exhibited 10 subfamilies of R2R3-MYB proteins, among which orthologs of seven subfamilies were present in chlorophytes and charophycean algae. We found that asymmetric gene duplication events in different subfamilies account for the expansion of R2R3-MYB proteins in embryophytes. We further discovered that the largest subfamily of R2R3-MYBs in land plants, subfamily VIII, emerged in the common ancestor of Zygnematophyceae and embryophytes. During plant terrestrialization, six duplication events gave rise to seven clades of subfamily VIII. Subsequently, this TF subfamily showed a tendency for expansion in bryophytes, lycophytes, and ferns and extensively diversified in ancestral gymnosperms and angiosperms in clades VIII-A-1, VIII-D, and VIII-E. In contrast to subfamily VIII, other subfamilies of R2R3-MYB TFs have remained less expanded across embryophytes. The findings regarding phylogenetic analyses, auxiliary motifs, and DNA-binding specificities provide insight into the evolutionary history of plant R2R3-MYB TFs and shed light on the mechanisms underlying the extensive expansion and subsequent sub- and neofunctionalization of these proteins.
Topics: Arabidopsis Proteins; Evolution, Molecular; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Genome, Plant; Phylogeny; Plant Proteins; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 32291329
DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01082