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Viruses Apr 2021In the plant immune system, according to the 'gene-for-gene' model, a resistance gene product in the plant specifically surveils a corresponding effector protein... (Review)
Review
In the plant immune system, according to the 'gene-for-gene' model, a resistance gene product in the plant specifically surveils a corresponding effector protein functioning as an avirulence () gene product. This system differs from other plant-pathogen interaction systems, in which plant genes recognize a single type of gene or gene family because almost all virus genes with distinct structures and functions can also interact with genes as determinants. Thus, research conducted on viral Avr-R systems can provide a novel understanding of and gene product interactions and identify mechanisms that enable rapid co-evolution of plants and phytopathogens. In this review, we intend to provide a brief overview of virus-encoded proteins and their roles in triggering plant resistance, and we also summarize current progress in understanding plant resistance against virus genes. Moreover, we present applications of gene-mediated phenotyping in gene identification and screening of segregating populations during breeding processes.
Topics: Genes, Plant; Host Microbial Interactions; Plant Diseases; Plant Immunity; Plant Proteins; Plants
PubMed: 33923435
DOI: 10.3390/v13040688 -
Annual Review of Plant Biology Apr 2017Plants have evolved a family of unique membrane receptor kinases to orchestrate the growth and development of their cells, tissues, and organs. Receptor kinases also... (Review)
Review
Plants have evolved a family of unique membrane receptor kinases to orchestrate the growth and development of their cells, tissues, and organs. Receptor kinases also form the first line of defense of the plant immune system and allow plants to engage in symbiotic interactions. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding, at the molecular level, how receptor kinases with lysin-motif or leucine-rich-repeat ectodomains have evolved to sense a broad spectrum of ligands. We summarize and compare the established receptor activation mechanisms for plant receptor kinases and dissect how ligand binding at the cell surface leads to activation of cytoplasmic signaling cascades. Our review highlights that one family of plant membrane receptors has diversified structurally to fulfill very different signaling tasks.
Topics: Arabidopsis Proteins; Cell Membrane; Ligands; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Proteins; Plants; Signal Transduction; Symbiosis
PubMed: 28125280
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-040957 -
Trends in Plant Science Jun 2017The application of RNA interactome capture to plants has enabled comprehensive determination of the plant RNA-binding proteome and the identification of novel families... (Review)
Review
The application of RNA interactome capture to plants has enabled comprehensive determination of the plant RNA-binding proteome and the identification of novel families of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). The technique is providing insight into the evolution of the eukaryotic repertoire of RBPs and will enhance prospects for engineering RBPs to improve crop traits.
Topics: Plant Proteins; Protein Binding; RNA, Plant; RNA-Binding Proteins
PubMed: 28478905
DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.04.006 -
Cryptochromes and the Circadian Clock: The Story of a Very Complex Relationship in a Spinning World.Genes Apr 2021Cryptochromes are flavin-containing blue light photoreceptors, present in most kingdoms, including archaea, bacteria, plants, animals and fungi. They are structurally... (Review)
Review
Cryptochromes are flavin-containing blue light photoreceptors, present in most kingdoms, including archaea, bacteria, plants, animals and fungi. They are structurally similar to photolyases, a class of flavoproteins involved in light-dependent repair of UV-damaged DNA. Cryptochromes were first discovered in in which they control many light-regulated physiological processes like seed germination, de-etiolation, photoperiodic control of the flowering time, cotyledon opening and expansion, anthocyanin accumulation, chloroplast development and root growth. They also regulate the entrainment of plant circadian clock to the phase of light-dark daily cycles. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which plant cryptochromes control the synchronisation of the clock with the environmental light. Furthermore, we summarise the circadian clock-mediated changes in cell cycle regulation and chromatin organisation and, finally, we discuss a putative role for plant cryptochromes in the epigenetic regulation of genes.
Topics: Circadian Clocks; Cryptochromes; Epigenesis, Genetic; Plant Proteins; Plants
PubMed: 33946956
DOI: 10.3390/genes12050672 -
Plant & Cell Physiology May 2015Aquaporins are small channel proteins which facilitate the diffusion of water and small neutral molecules across biological membranes. Compared with animals, plant... (Review)
Review
Aquaporins are small channel proteins which facilitate the diffusion of water and small neutral molecules across biological membranes. Compared with animals, plant genomes encode numerous aquaporins, which display a large variety of subcellular localization patterns. More specifically, plant aquaporins of the plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) subfamily were first described as plasma membrane (PM)-resident proteins, but recent research has demonstrated that the trafficking and subcellular localization of these proteins are complex and highly regulated. In the past few years, PIPs emerged as new model proteins to study subcellular sorting and membrane dynamics in plant cells. At least two distinct sorting motifs (one cytosolic, the other buried in the membrane) are required to direct PIPs to the PM. Hetero-oligomerization and interaction with SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor protein attachment protein receptors) also influence the subcellular trafficking of PIPs. In addition to these constitutive processes, both the progression of PIPs through the secretory pathway and their dynamics at the PM are responsive to changing environmental conditions.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Cell Membrane; Molecular Sequence Data; Plant Proteins; Protein Multimerization; Protein Sorting Signals; Protein Transport; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 25520405
DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu203 -
Current Biology : CB Mar 2016
Topics: Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Brassinosteroids; Plant Proteins; Protein Kinases; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 27003880
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.014 -
The Plant Journal : For Cell and... Feb 2020The best predictor of leaf level photosynthetic rate is the porosity of the leaf surface, as determined by the number and aperture of stomata on the leaf. This... (Review)
Review
The best predictor of leaf level photosynthetic rate is the porosity of the leaf surface, as determined by the number and aperture of stomata on the leaf. This remarkable correlation between stomatal porosity (or diffusive conductance to water vapour g ) and CO assimilation rate (A) applies to all major lineages of vascular plants (Figure 1) and is sufficiently predictable that it provides the basis for the model most widely used to predict water and CO fluxes from leaves and canopies. Yet the Ball-Berry formulation is only a phenomenological approximation that captures the emergent character of stomatal behaviour. Progressing to a more mechanistic prediction of plant gas exchange is challenging because of the diversity of biological components regulating stomatal action. These processes are the product of more than 400 million years of co-evolution between stomatal, vascular and photosynthetic tissues. Both molecular and structural components link the abiotic world of the whole plant with the turgor pressure of the epidermis and guard cells, which ultimately determine stomatal pore size and porosity to water and CO exchange (New Phytol., 168, 2005, 275). In this review we seek to simplify stomatal behaviour by using an evolutionary perspective to understand the principal selective pressures involved in stomatal evolution, thus identifying the primary regulators of stomatal aperture. We start by considering the adaptive process that has locked together the regulation of water and carbon fluxes in vascular plants, finally examining specific evidence for evolution in the proteins responsible for regulating guard cell turgor.
Topics: Biological Evolution; Photosynthesis; Plant Proteins; Plant Stomata; Plant Transpiration
PubMed: 31596990
DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14561 -
Journal of Plant Research Nov 2015Microtubules are highly dynamic structures that control the spatiotemporal pattern of cell growth and division. Microtubule dynamics are regulated by reversible protein... (Review)
Review
Microtubules are highly dynamic structures that control the spatiotemporal pattern of cell growth and division. Microtubule dynamics are regulated by reversible protein phosphorylation involving both protein kinases and phosphatases. Never in mitosis A (NIMA)-related kinases (NEKs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases that regulate microtubule-related mitotic events in fungi and animal cells (e.g. centrosome separation and spindle formation). Although plants contain multiple members of the NEK family, their functions remain elusive. Recent studies revealed that NEK6 of Arabidopsis thaliana regulates cell expansion and morphogenesis through β-tubulin phosphorylation and microtubule destabilization. In addition, plant NEK members participate in organ development and stress responses. The present phylogenetic analysis indicates that plant NEK genes are diverged from a single NEK6-like gene, which may share a common ancestor with other kinases involved in the control of microtubule organization. On the contrary, another mitotic kinase, polo-like kinase, might have been lost during the evolution of land plants. We propose that plant NEK members have acquired novel functions to regulate cell growth, microtubule organization, and stress responses.
Topics: Evolution, Molecular; Microtubules; Phosphorylation; Phylogeny; Plant Proteins; Plants; Protein Kinases
PubMed: 26354760
DOI: 10.1007/s10265-015-0751-6 -
Molecular Plant Nov 2016Secreted signaling peptides or peptide hormones play crucial roles in plant growth and development through coordination of cell-cell communication. Perception of peptide... (Review)
Review
Secreted signaling peptides or peptide hormones play crucial roles in plant growth and development through coordination of cell-cell communication. Perception of peptide hormones in plants generally relies on membrane-localized receptor kinases (RKs). Progress has recently been made in structural elucidation of interactions between posttranslationally modified peptide hormones and RKs. The structural studies suggest conserved receptor binding and activation mechanisms of this type of peptide hormones involving their conserved C-termini. Here, we review these structural data and discuss how the conserved mechanisms can be used to match peptide-RK pairs.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Peptide Hormones; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 27743937
DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.10.002 -
Plant Physiology Aug 2018Nitrogen fixation is an agronomically and environmentally important process catalyzed by bacterial nitrogenase within legume root nodules. These unique symbiotic organs...
Nitrogen fixation is an agronomically and environmentally important process catalyzed by bacterial nitrogenase within legume root nodules. These unique symbiotic organs have high metabolic rates and produce large amounts of reactive oxygen species that may modify proteins irreversibly. Here, we examined two types of oxidative posttranslational modifications of nodule proteins: carbonylation, which occurs by direct oxidation of certain amino acids or by interaction with reactive aldehydes arising from cell membrane lipid peroxides; and glycation, which results from the reaction of lysine and arginine residues with reducing sugars or their autooxidation products. We used a strategy based on the enrichment of carbonylated peptides by affinity chromatography followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to identify 369 oxidized proteins in bean () nodules. Of these, 238 corresponded to plant proteins and 131 to bacterial proteins. Lipid peroxidation products induced most carbonylation sites. This study also revealed that carbonylation has major effects on two key nodule proteins. Metal-catalyzed oxidation caused the inactivation of malate dehydrogenase and the aggregation of leghemoglobin. In addition, numerous glycated proteins were identified in vivo, including three key nodule proteins: sucrose synthase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthase. Label-free quantification identified 10 plant proteins and 18 bacterial proteins as age-specifically glycated. Overall, our results suggest that the selective carbonylation or glycation of crucial proteins involved in nitrogen metabolism, transcriptional regulation, and signaling may constitute a mechanism to control cell metabolism and nodule senescence.
Topics: Amino Acids; Chromatography, Liquid; Leghemoglobin; Malate Dehydrogenase; Nuclear Proteins; Phaseolus; Plant Proteins; Protein Carbonylation; Root Nodules, Plant; Symbiosis; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 29970413
DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00533