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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology Jan 2020Cell polarity plays an important role in a wide range of biological processes in plant growth and development. Cell polarity is manifested as the asymmetric distribution... (Review)
Review
Cell polarity plays an important role in a wide range of biological processes in plant growth and development. Cell polarity is manifested as the asymmetric distribution of molecules, for example, proteins and lipids, at the plasma membrane and/or inside of a cell. Here, we summarize a few polarized proteins that have been characterized in plants and we review recent advances towards understanding the molecular mechanism for them to polarize at the plasma membrane. Multiple mechanisms, including membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal activities, and protein phosphorylation, and so forth define the polarized plasma membrane domains. Recent discoveries suggest that the polar positioning of the proteo-lipid membrane domain may instruct the formation of polarity complexes in plants. In this review, we highlight the factors and regulators for their functions in establishing the membrane asymmetries in plant development. Furthermore, we discuss a few outstanding questions to be addressed to better understand the mechanisms by which cell polarity is regulated in plants.
Topics: Cell Membrane; Cell Polarity; Homeostasis; Plant Cells; Plant Proteins; Plants
PubMed: 31889400
DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12904 -
Current Opinion in Structural Biology Aug 2019Optical induction of intracellular signaling by membrane-associated and integral membrane proteins allows spatiotemporally precise control over second messenger... (Review)
Review
Optical induction of intracellular signaling by membrane-associated and integral membrane proteins allows spatiotemporally precise control over second messenger signaling and cytoskeletal rearrangements that are important to cell migration, development, and proliferation. Optogenetic membrane recruitment of a protein-of-interest to control its signaling by altering subcellular localization is a versatile means to these ends. Here, we summarize the signaling characteristics and underlying structure-function of RGS-LOV photoreceptors as single-component membrane recruitment tools that rapidly, reversibly, and efficiently carry protein cargo from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane by a light-regulated electrostatic interaction with the membrane itself. We place the technology-relevant features of these recently described natural photosensory proteins in context of summarized protein engineering and design strategies for optically controlling membrane protein signaling.
Topics: Allosteric Regulation; Cell Membrane; Optogenetics; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 30884362
DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.01.017 -
Neurologia 2023Rafts are protein-lipid structural nanodomains involved in efficient signal transduction and the modulation of physiological processes of the cell plasma membrane. Raft... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Rafts are protein-lipid structural nanodomains involved in efficient signal transduction and the modulation of physiological processes of the cell plasma membrane. Raft disruption in the nervous system has been associated with a wide range of disorders.
DEVELOPMENT
We review the concept of rafts, the nervous system processes in which they are involved, and their role in diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer disease, and Huntington disease.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the available evidence, preservation and/or reconstitution of rafts is a promising treatment strategy for a wide range of neurological disorders.
Topics: Humans; Caveolae; Membrane Microdomains; Cholesterol; Cell Membrane; Alzheimer Disease
PubMed: 37858892
DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2023.10.003 -
Current Topics in Membranes 2019The plasma membrane forms the physical barrier between the cytoplasm and extracellular space, allowing for biochemical reactions necessary for life to occur. Plasma... (Review)
Review
The plasma membrane forms the physical barrier between the cytoplasm and extracellular space, allowing for biochemical reactions necessary for life to occur. Plasma membrane damage needs to be rapidly repaired to avoid cell death. This relies upon the coordinated action of the machinery that polarizes the repair response to the site of injury, resulting in resealing of the damaged membrane and subsequent remodeling to return the injured plasma membrane to its pre-injury state. As lipids comprise the bulk of the plasma membrane, the acts of injury, resealing, and remodeling all directly impinge upon the plasma membrane lipids. In addition to their structural role in shaping the physical properties of the plasma membrane, lipids also play an important signaling role in maintaining plasma membrane integrity. While much attention has been paid to the involvement of proteins in the membrane repair pathway, the role of lipids in facilitating plasma membrane repair remains poorly studied. Here we will discuss the current knowledge of how lipids facilitate plasma membrane repair by regulating membrane structure and signaling to coordinate the repair response, and will briefly note how lipid involvement extends beyond plasma membrane repair to the tissue repair response.
Topics: Animals; Cell Membrane; Humans; Membrane Lipids; Molecular Structure; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 31610866
DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2019.07.001 -
Nature Chemical Biology Jun 2023Plasma membrane heterogeneity has been tied to a litany of cellular functions and is often explained by analogy to membrane phase separation; however, models based on...
Plasma membrane heterogeneity has been tied to a litany of cellular functions and is often explained by analogy to membrane phase separation; however, models based on phase separation alone fall short of describing the rich organization available within cell membranes. Here we present comprehensive experimental evidence motivating an updated model of plasma membrane heterogeneity in which membrane domains assemble in response to protein scaffolds. Quantitative super-resolution nanoscopy measurements in live B lymphocytes detect membrane domains that emerge upon clustering B cell receptors (BCRs). These domains enrich and retain membrane proteins based on their preference for the liquid-ordered phase. Unlike phase-separated membranes that consist of binary phases with defined compositions, membrane composition at BCR clusters is modulated through the protein constituents in clusters and the composition of the membrane overall. This tunable domain structure is detected through the variable sorting of membrane probes and impacts the magnitude of BCR activation.
Topics: Cell Membrane; Membrane Proteins; Membrane Microdomains
PubMed: 36997644
DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01268-8 -
BioEssays : News and Reviews in... Feb 2016The fundamental mechanisms of protein and lipid organization at the plasma membrane have continued to engage researchers for decades. Among proposed models, one idea has... (Review)
Review
The fundamental mechanisms of protein and lipid organization at the plasma membrane have continued to engage researchers for decades. Among proposed models, one idea has been particularly successful which assumes that sterol-dependent nanoscopic phases of different lipid chain order compartmentalize proteins, thereby modulating protein functionality. This model of membrane rafts has sustainably sparked the fields of membrane biophysics and biology, and shifted membrane lipids into the spotlight of research; by now, rafts have become an integral part of our terminology to describe a variety of cell biological processes. But is the evidence clear enough to continue supporting a theoretical concept which has resisted direct proof by observation for nearly twenty years? In this essay, we revisit findings that gave rise to and substantiated the raft hypothesis, discuss its impact on recent studies, and present alternative mechanisms to account for plasma membrane heterogeneity.
Topics: Cell Membrane; Membrane Lipids; Membrane Proteins
PubMed: 26666984
DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500150 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023The plasma membrane (PM), which is composed of a lipid layer implanted with proteins, has diverse functions in plant responses to environmental triggers. The... (Review)
Review
The plasma membrane (PM), which is composed of a lipid layer implanted with proteins, has diverse functions in plant responses to environmental triggers. The heterogenous dynamics of lipids and proteins in the plasma membrane play important roles in regulating cellular activities with an intricate pathway that orchestrates reception, signal transduction and appropriate response in the plant immune system. In the process of the plasma membrane participating in defense responses, the cytoskeletal elements have important functions in a variety of ways, including regulation of protein and lipid dynamics as well as vesicle trafficking. In this review, we summarized how the plasma membrane contributed to plant immunity and focused on the dynamic process of cytoskeleton regulation of endocytosis and exocytosis and propose future research directions.
Topics: Cytoskeleton; Microtubules; Cell Membrane; Plant Immunity; Plants; Lipids; Endocytosis
PubMed: 37047032
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076059 -
Small GTPases Jul 2018Disruption of the cell plasma membrane can occur due to mechanical damage, pore forming toxins, etc. Resealing or plasma membrane repair (PMR) is the emergency response... (Review)
Review
Disruption of the cell plasma membrane can occur due to mechanical damage, pore forming toxins, etc. Resealing or plasma membrane repair (PMR) is the emergency response required for cell survival. It is triggered by Ca entering through the disruption, causing organelles such as lysosomes located underneath the plasma membrane to fuse rapidly with the adjacent plasma membrane. We have recently identified some of the molecular traffic machinery that is involved in this vital process. Specifically, we showed that 2 members of the Rab family of small GTPases, Rab3a and Rab10, are essential for lysosome exocytosis and PMR in cells challenged with a bacterial toxin, streptolysin-O (SLO). Additionally, we showed that Rab3a regulates PMR via the interaction with 2 effectors, synaptotagmin-like protein 4a (Slp4-a) and nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA (NMHC IIA), the latter being identified for the first time as a Rab3a effector. This tripartite complex is essential for the positioning of the peripheral lysosomes responsible for PMR. In cells lacking any of the components of this tripartite complex, lysosomes were concentrated in the perinuclear region and absent in the periphery culminating with PMR inhibition.
Topics: Animals; Cell Membrane; Exocytosis; Humans; Lysosomes; rab3A GTP-Binding Protein
PubMed: 27687479
DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1235004 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Mar 2023The fluid mosaic model proposed by Singer and Nicolson established a powerful framework to interrogate biological membranes that has stood the test of time. They... (Review)
Review
The fluid mosaic model proposed by Singer and Nicolson established a powerful framework to interrogate biological membranes that has stood the test of time. They proposed that the membrane is a simple fluid, meaning that proteins and lipids are randomly distributed over distances larger than those dictated by direct interactions. Here we present an update to this model that describes a spatially adaptable fluid membrane capable of tuning local composition in response to forces originating outside the membrane plane. This revision is rooted in the thermodynamics of lipid mixtures, draws from recent experimental results, and suggests new modes of membrane function.
Topics: Membrane Lipids; Membrane Proteins; Models, Biological; Cell Membrane
PubMed: 36581017
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184114 -
Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) Oct 2018A cell is able to sense the biomechanical properties of the environment such as the rigidity of the extracellular matrix and adapt its tension via regulation of plasma... (Review)
Review
A cell is able to sense the biomechanical properties of the environment such as the rigidity of the extracellular matrix and adapt its tension via regulation of plasma membrane and underlying actomyosin meshwork properties. The cell's ability to adapt to the changing biomechanical environment is important for cellular homeostasis and also cell dynamics such as cell growth and motility. Membrane trafficking has emerged as an important mechanism to regulate cell biomechanics. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of cell mechanics in exocytosis, and reciprocally, the role of exocytosis in regulating cell mechanics. We also discuss how cell mechanics and membrane trafficking, particularly exocytosis, can work together to regulate cell polarity and motility.
Topics: Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Cell Membrane; Cell Movement; Cell Polarity; Exocytosis; Humans; Membrane Fusion; Protein Transport
PubMed: 29943478
DOI: 10.1111/tra.12584