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Experimental Biology and Medicine... Dec 2018This article reviews glial cell interactions with the immune system post-ischemic stroke. Research has shown that glial cells in the brain play a role in altering... (Review)
Review
This article reviews glial cell interactions with the immune system post-ischemic stroke. Research has shown that glial cells in the brain play a role in altering phenotypes of other glial cells and have downstream immune cell targets ultimately regulating a neuroinflammatory response. These interactions may play a deleterious as well as beneficial role in stroke recovery. Furthermore, they may provide a novel way to approach potential therapies, since current stroke drug therapy is limited to only one Food and Drug Administration-approved drug complicated by a narrow therapeutic window. Until this point, most research has emphasized neuroimmune interactions, but little focus has been on bidirectional communication of glial-immune interactions in the ischemic brain. By expanding our understanding of these interactions through a compilation of glial cell effects, we may be able to pinpoint major modulating factors in brain homeostasis to maintain or discover ways to suppress irreversible ischemic damage and improve brain repair.
Topics: Brain; Brain Ischemia; Humans; Neuroglia; Stroke
PubMed: 30537868
DOI: 10.1177/1535370218818172 -
Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany) Nov 2021Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an extremely common medical affliction affecting both adult and pediatric patients resulting from hypoxic, nephrotoxic, and septic insults... (Review)
Review
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an extremely common medical affliction affecting both adult and pediatric patients resulting from hypoxic, nephrotoxic, and septic insults affecting approximately 20% of all hospital patients and up to 50% of patients in the intensive care unit. There are currently no therapeutics for patients who suffer AKI. Much recent work has focused on designing and implementing therapeutics for AKI. This review focuses on a family of enzymes known as sirtuins that play critical roles in regulating many cellular and biological functions. There are 7 mammalian sirtuins (SIRT1-7) that play roles in regulating the acylation of a wide variety of pathways. Furthermore, all but one of the mammalian sirtuins have been shown to play critical roles in mediating AKI based on preclinical studies. These diverse enzymes show exciting potential for therapeutic manipulation. This review will focus on the specific roles of each of the investigated sirtuins and the potential for manipulation of the various sirtuins and their effector pathways in mediating kidney injury.
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Animals; Child; Humans; Sirtuins
PubMed: 33411071
DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04866-z -
Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy Dec 2016The management of venous compression syndromes has historically been reliant on surgical treatment when conservative measures fail. There are, however, several settings... (Review)
Review
The management of venous compression syndromes has historically been reliant on surgical treatment when conservative measures fail. There are, however, several settings in which endovascular therapy can play a significant role as an adjunct or even a replacement to more invasive surgical methods. We explore the role of minimally invasive treatment options for three of the most well-studied venous compression syndromes. The clinical aspects and pathophysiology of Paget-Schroetter syndrome (PSS), nutcracker syndrome, and May-Thurner syndrome are discussed in detail, with particular emphasis on the role that interventionalists can play in minimally invasive treatment.
PubMed: 28123978
DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2016.10.01 -
Mucosal Immunology Jul 2017The intestinal lamina propria (LP) contains a diverse array of mononuclear phagocyte (MNP) subsets, including conventional dendritic cells (cDC), monocytes and... (Review)
Review
The intestinal lamina propria (LP) contains a diverse array of mononuclear phagocyte (MNP) subsets, including conventional dendritic cells (cDC), monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages (mφ) that collectively play an essential role in mucosal homeostasis, infection and inflammation. In the current review we discuss the function of intestinal cDC and monocyte-derived MNP, highlighting how these subsets play several non-redundant roles in the regulation of intestinal immune responses. While much remains to be learnt, recent findings also underline how the various populations of MNP adapt to deal with the challenges specific to their environment. Understanding these processes should help target individual subsets for 'fine tuning' immunological responses within the intestine, a process that may be of relevance both for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and for optimized vaccine design.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Immunomodulation; Immunotherapy; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Intestinal Mucosa; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Phagocytes; Vaccines
PubMed: 28378807
DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.22 -
The British Journal of Radiology Mar 2020Hypofractionated radiotherapy is attractive concerning patient burden and therapy costs, but many aspects play a role when it comes to assess its safety. While exploited... (Review)
Review
Hypofractionated radiotherapy is attractive concerning patient burden and therapy costs, but many aspects play a role when it comes to assess its safety. While exploited for conventional photon therapy and carbon ion therapy, hypofractionation with protons is only rarely applied. One reason for this is uncertainty in the described dose, mainly due to the relative biological effectiveness (RBE), which is small for protons, but not negligible. RBE is generally dose-dependent, and for higher doses as used in hypofractionation, a thorough RBE evaluation is needed. This review article focuses on the RBE variability in protons and associated issues or implications for hypofractionation.
Topics: Heavy Ion Radiotherapy; Humans; Proton Therapy; Radiation Dose Hypofractionation; Radiobiology; Relative Biological Effectiveness; Treatment Outcome; Uncertainty
PubMed: 31437004
DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190291 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are important mediators of type 2 immunity and play an important role in allergic diseases, helminth infections, and tissue... (Review)
Review
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are important mediators of type 2 immunity and play an important role in allergic diseases, helminth infections, and tissue fibrosis. However, the role of ILC2s in tumor immunity requires further elucidation. Studies over the past decade have reported that ILC2s play a promoting or suppressing role in different tumors. Here we reviewed the role of ILC2s in solid tumors demonstrating that ILC2s act as a crucial regulator in tumor immunity. We proposed that ILC2s could be an important predictor for tumor prognosis and a new therapeutic target after immunotherapy resistance. In conclusion, our study shed new light on modifying and targeting ILC2s for anti-tumor immunotherapy.
Topics: Helminthiasis; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immunity, Innate; Lymphocytes; Neoplasms
PubMed: 35720302
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886045 -
Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.) Dec 2014To provide the neurologist with a framework for the clinical approach to sports concussion diagnosis and management. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
To provide the neurologist with a framework for the clinical approach to sports concussion diagnosis and management.
RECENT FINDINGS
As the issue of brain injury in athletes has emerged and developed, shifting the landscape of public concern, neurologists have become more directly involved in the diagnosis and management of sports concussion. Neurologists are now playing an increased role in acute concussion diagnosis, early injury management, return-to-play decisions, and evaluation for potential long-term effects from exposure to biomechanical forces on brain health. Concussion is only one part of this spectrum, but it is no small concern. Sports concussion diagnosis and management require a comprehensive neurologic approach as the return-to-play decision is a medical one covering a spectrum of potential complications and future risks. Understanding the clinical syndrome of concussion as well as the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism is essential to providing care. Employing classic neurologic diagnostic techniques while concurrently respecting the unique nature of caring for athletes is also critical. Without an objective method of measuring the underlying metabolic injury, concussion management is, by necessity, a clinically intense endeavor that requires a broad skill set.
SUMMARY
Providing recommendations regarding the long-term effects of brain trauma and the need for retirement from contact sports requires an appreciation for both the reason for concern and the lack of data to frame this risk. As science continues to advance in this area, so will our diagnostic approaches and management schema. Neurologists caring for athletes with brain trauma should continue to seek the best possible evidence to help shape their clinical decisions.
Topics: Athletic Injuries; Brain Concussion; Humans
PubMed: 25470160
DOI: 10.1212/01.CON.0000458974.78766.58 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Mar 2015Genetics play an increasingly important role in the risk stratification and management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Traditionally, AML classification and... (Review)
Review
Genetics play an increasingly important role in the risk stratification and management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Traditionally, AML classification and risk stratification relied on cytogenetic studies; however, molecular detection of gene mutations is playing an increasingly important role in classification, risk stratification, and management of AML. Molecular testing does not take the place of cytogenetic testing results, but plays a complementary role to help refine prognosis, especially within specific AML subgroups. With the exception of acute promyelocytic leukemia, AML therapy is not targeted but the intensity of therapy is driven by the prognostic subgroup. Many prognostic scoring systems classify patients into favorable, poor, or intermediate prognostic subgroups based on clinical and genetic features. Current standard of care combines cytogenetic results with targeted testing for mutations in FLT3, NPM1, CEBPA, and KIT to determine the prognostic subgroup. Other gene mutations have also been demonstrated to predict prognosis and may play a role in future risk stratification, although some of these have not been confirmed in multiple studies or established as standard of care. This paper will review the contribution of cytogenetic results to prognosis in AML and then will focus on molecular mutations that have a prognostic or possible therapeutic impact.
PubMed: 26239249
DOI: 10.3390/jcm4030460 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2021The majority of the epithelial surfaces of our body, and the digestive tract, respiratory and urogenital systems, are colonized by a vast number of bacteria, archaea,... (Review)
Review
The majority of the epithelial surfaces of our body, and the digestive tract, respiratory and urogenital systems, are colonized by a vast number of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoans, and viruses. These , particularly those of the intestines, play an important, beneficial role in digestion, metabolism, and the synthesis of vitamins. Their metabolites stimulate cytokine production by the human host, which are used against potential pathogens. The composition of the microbiota is influenced by several internal and external factors, including diet, age, disease, and lifestyle. Such changes, called dysbiosis, may be involved in the development of various conditions, such as metabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Hashimoto's thyroidis and Graves' disease; they can also play a role in nervous system disturbances, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and depression. An association has also been found between gut microbiota dysbiosis and cancer. Our health is closely associated with the state of our microbiota, and their homeostasis. The aim of this review is to describe the associations between human gut microbiota and cancer, and examine the potential role of gut microbiota in anticancer therapy.
Topics: Central Nervous System Diseases; Dysbiosis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Metabolic Diseases; Neoplasms
PubMed: 34948234
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413440 -
PloS One 2022The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child has substantiated play for play's sake, thus focusing on the doing or being of play rather than any potentially... (Review)
Review
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child has substantiated play for play's sake, thus focusing on the doing or being of play rather than any potentially desired outcomes. Examining this type of play from the perspective of the child acknowledges children as meaning-makers. A scoping review was conducted to expose and map the extent of the evidence available in the emerging and diverse field of children's experiences of play in digital spaces. Specifically, the literature was examined with regards to relevance to children's everyday lives, the personal and ecological relevance, and the methods used. A systematic search of the literature over the past fifteen years found thirty-one articles appropriate for inclusion. The analysis of the literature revealed that the articles formed four categories of how play in digital spaces was approached: 'Videogames, behaviours, and societal norms', 'Videogames for its own sake', 'Videogames for learning', and 'Active Videogames for health promotion'. This scoping review has identified a lack of articles focusing on children's experiences of play in a digital space, and these perspectives are essential for parents, professionals, game designers, and policymakers alike to contribute to an enhanced understanding of the role of play in digital spaces.
Topics: Child; Health Promotion; Humans; Parents
PubMed: 35944033
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272630