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Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Aug 2023Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) are non-invasive treatment methods with obvious inhibitory effect on tumors and have few side effects, which... (Review)
Review
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) are non-invasive treatment methods with obvious inhibitory effect on tumors and have few side effects, which have been widely concerned and explored by researchers. Sensitizer is the main factor in determining the therapeutic effect of PDT and SDT. Porphyrins, a group of organic compounds widespread in nature, can be activated by light or ultrasound and produce reactive oxygen species. Therefore, porphyrins as sensitizers in PDT have been widely explored and investigated for many years. Herein, we summarize the classical porphyrin compounds and their applications and mechanisms in PDT and SDT. The application of porphyrin in clinical diagnosis and imaging is also discussed. In conclusion, porphyrins have good application prospects in disease treatment as an important part of PDT or SDT, and in clinical diagnosis and imaging.
Topics: Humans; Porphyrins; Photochemotherapy; Ultrasonic Therapy; Neoplasms; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 37236030
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114933 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2021The covalent and noncovalent association of self-assembling peptides and tetrapyrroles was explored as a way to generate systems that mimic Nature's functional... (Review)
Review
The covalent and noncovalent association of self-assembling peptides and tetrapyrroles was explored as a way to generate systems that mimic Nature's functional supramolecular structures. Different types of peptides spontaneously assemble with porphyrins, phthalocyanines, or corroles to give long-range ordered architectures, whose structure is determined by the features of both components. The regular morphology and ordered molecular arrangement of these systems enhance the photochemical properties of embedded chromophores, allowing applications as photo-catalysts, antennas for dye-sensitized solar cells, biosensors, and agents for light-triggered therapies. Chemical modifications of peptide and tetrapyrrole structures and control over the assembly process can steer the organization and influence the properties of the resulting system. Here we provide a review of the field, focusing on the assemblies obtained from different classes of self-assembling peptides with tetrapyrroles, their morphologies and their applications as innovative functional materials.
Topics: Indoles; Isoindoles; Peptides; Photochemistry; Porphyrins; Tetrapyrroles
PubMed: 33525730
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030693 -
Journal of Oleo Science 2017Synthetic receptors possessing two complexing chromophores connected by a single spacer are referred to as molecular tweezers. We report an electrochemically triggered...
Synthetic receptors possessing two complexing chromophores connected by a single spacer are referred to as molecular tweezers. We report an electrochemically triggered molecular tweezers, which is a calix[4]arene-bis-porphyrin conjugate, that acts as a proof-of-concept demonstration system showing an electro-statically induced approach to guest release. The electrochemical behavior represents that 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) is released from the complex formed between calix[4]arene-bis-porphyrin conjugate and DABCO, just after cooperative two-oxidation occurs at 0.41 V.
Topics: Calixarenes; Electrochemical Techniques; Macromolecular Substances; Molecular Structure; Oxidation-Reduction; Piperazines; Porphyrins; Receptors, Artificial
PubMed: 28381789
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17027 -
Chemical Reviews Feb 2017Corroles are exceptionally promising platforms for the development of agents for simultaneous cancer-targeting imaging and therapy. Depending on the element chelated by... (Review)
Review
Corroles are exceptionally promising platforms for the development of agents for simultaneous cancer-targeting imaging and therapy. Depending on the element chelated by the corrole, these theranostic agents may be tuned primarily for diagnostic or therapeutic function. Versatile synthetic methodologies allow for the preparation of amphipolar derivatives, which form stable noncovalent conjugates with targeting biomolecules. These conjugates can be engineered for imaging and targeting as well as therapeutic function within one theranostic assembly. In this review, we begin with a brief outline of corrole chemistry that has been uniquely useful in designing corrole-based anticancer agents. Then we turn attention to the early literature regarding corrole anticancer activity, which commenced one year after the first scalable synthesis was reported (1999-2000). In 2001, a major advance was made with the introduction of negatively charged corroles, as these molecules, being amphipolar, form stable conjugates with many proteins. More recently, both cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of metallocorroles have been documented in experimental investigations employing advanced optical spectroscopic as well as magnetic resonance imaging techniques. Key results from work on both cellular and animal models are reviewed, with emphasis on those that have shed new light on the mechanisms associated with anticancer activity. In closing, we predict a very bright future for corrole anticancer research, as it is experiencing exponential growth, taking full advantage of recently developed imaging and therapeutic modalities.
Topics: Cell Line, Tumor; Humans; Neoplasms; Porphyrins
PubMed: 27759377
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00400 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2020The problem of treating viral infections is extremely relevant due to both the emergence of new viral diseases and to the low effectiveness of existing approaches to the... (Review)
Review
The problem of treating viral infections is extremely relevant due to both the emergence of new viral diseases and to the low effectiveness of existing approaches to the treatment of known viral infections. This review focuses on the application of porphyrin, chlorin, and phthalocyanine series for combating viral infections by chemical and photochemical inactivation methods. The purpose of this review paper is to summarize the main approaches developed to date in the chemical and photodynamic inactivation of human and animal viruses using porphyrins and their analogues and to analyze and discuss the information on viral targets and antiviral activity of porphyrins, chlorins, of their conjugates with organic/inorganic compounds obtained in the last 10-15 years in order to identify the most promising areas.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Indoles; Isoindoles; Pandemics; Photochemical Processes; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Pneumonia, Viral; Porphyrins; SARS-CoV-2; Virus Attachment
PubMed: 32977525
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194368 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2022Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are hybrid multifunctional platforms that have found remarkable applications in cancer treatment and diagnostics. Independently, these... (Review)
Review
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are hybrid multifunctional platforms that have found remarkable applications in cancer treatment and diagnostics. Independently, these materials can be employed in cancer treatment as intelligent drug carriers in chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, and photodynamic therapy; conversely, MOFs can further be used as diagnostic tools in fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography imaging, and photoacoustic imaging. One essential property of these materials is their great ability to fine-tune their composition toward a specific application by way of a judicious choice of the starting building materials (metal nodes and organic ligands). Moreover, many advancements were made concerning the preparation of these materials, including the ability to downsize the crystallites yielding nanoporous porphyrin MOFs (NMOFs) which are of great interest for clinical treatment and diagnostic theranostic tools. The usage of porphyrins as ligands allows a high degree of multifunctionality. Historically these molecules are well known for their reactive oxygen species formation and strong fluorescence characteristics, and both have proved helpful in cancer treatment and diagnostic tools. The anticipation that porphyrins in MOFs could prompt the resulting materials to multifunctional theranostic platforms is a reality nowadays with a series of remarkable and ground-breaking reports available in the literature. This is particularly remarkable in the last five years, when the scientific community witnessed rapid development in porphyrin MOFs theranostic agents through the development of imaging technologies and treatment strategies for cancer. This manuscript reviews the most relevant recent results and achievements in this particular area of interest in MOF chemistry and application.
Topics: Humans; Ligands; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Metal-Organic Frameworks; Neoplasms; Porphyrins; Precision Medicine
PubMed: 35630585
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103111 -
British Journal of Haematology May 2016Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP) is a rare genetic disease resulting from the remarkable deficient activity of uroporphyrinogen III synthase, the fourth enzyme... (Review)
Review
Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP) is a rare genetic disease resulting from the remarkable deficient activity of uroporphyrinogen III synthase, the fourth enzyme of the haem biosynthetic pathway. This enzyme defect results in overproduction of the non-physiological and pathogenic porphyrin isomers, uroporphyrin I and coproporphyrin I. The predominant clinical characteristics of CEP include bullous cutaneous photosensitivity to visible light from early infancy, progressive photomutilation and chronic haemolytic anaemia. The severity of clinical manifestations is markedly heterogeneous among patients; and interdependence between disease severity and porphyrin amount in the tissues has been pointed out. A more pronounced endogenous production of porphyrins concomitant to activation of ALAS2, the first and rate-limiting of the haem synthesis enzymes in erythroid cells, has also been reported. CEP is inherited as autosomal recessive or X-linked trait due to mutations in UROS or GATA1 genes; however an involvement of other causative or modifier genes cannot be ruled out.
Topics: GATA1 Transcription Factor; Heme; Humans; Mutation; Phenotype; Porphyria, Erythropoietic; Porphyrins; Uroporphyrinogen III Synthetase
PubMed: 26969896
DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13978 -
Nanomedicine (London, England) Oct 2020This article is written to provide an up-to-date review of pyrrole-based biomedical materials. Porphyrins and other tetrapyrrolic molecules possess unique magnetic,... (Review)
Review
This article is written to provide an up-to-date review of pyrrole-based biomedical materials. Porphyrins and other tetrapyrrolic molecules possess unique magnetic, optical and other photophysical properties that make them useful for bioimaging and therapy. This review touches briefly on some of the synthetic strategies to obtain porphyrin- and tetrapyrrole-based nanoparticles, as well as the variety of applications in which crosslinked, self-assembled, porphyrin-coated and other nanoparticles are utilized. We explore examples of these nanoparticles' applications in photothermal therapy, drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, stimuli response, fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and positron emission tomography. We anticipate that this review will provide a comprehensive summary of pyrrole-derived nanoparticles and provide a guideline for their further development.
Topics: Nanoparticles; Optical Imaging; Photochemotherapy; Porphyrins; Pyrroles
PubMed: 32975469
DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0125 -
MSphere Jan 2020Porphyrins are intermediate metabolites in the biosynthesis of vital molecules, including heme, cobalamin, and chlorophyll. Bacterial porphyrins are known to be... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Porphyrins are intermediate metabolites in the biosynthesis of vital molecules, including heme, cobalamin, and chlorophyll. Bacterial porphyrins are known to be proinflammatory, with high levels linked to inflammatory skin diseases. species are dominant skin commensals and play essential roles in defending against pathogens and in triggering an inflammatory response. To better understand how the inflammatory potential of the skin microbiome may vary depending on its propionibacterial composition, we compared the production levels of porphyrins among , , , and strains. We found that porphyrin production varied among these species, with type I strains producing significantly larger amounts of porphyrins than type II and III strains and other species. strains that are highly associated with the common skin condition acne vulgaris responded to vitamin B supplementation with significantly higher porphyrin production. In contrast, vitamin B supplementation had no effect on the porphyrin production of health-associated strains and other propionibacteria. We observed low-level porphyrin production in most strains harboring the repressor gene, with the exception of strains belonging to type I clades IB-3 and IC. Our findings shed light on the proinflammatory potential of distinct phylogenetic lineages of as well as other resident skin propionibacteria. We demonstrate that the overall species and strain composition is important in determining the metabolic output of the skin microbiome in health and disease. Porphyrins are a group of metabolites essential to the biosynthesis of heme, cobalamin, and chlorophyll in living organisms. Bacterial porphyrins can be proinflammatory, with high levels linked to human inflammatory diseases, including the common skin condition acne vulgaris. Propionibacteria are among the most abundant skin bacteria. Variations in propionibacteria composition on the skin may lead to different porphyrin levels and inflammatory potentials. This study characterized porphyrin production in all lineages of , the most dominant skin , and other resident skin propionibacteria, including , , and We revealed that type I strains produced significantly more porphyrins than did type II and III strains and other species. The findings from this study shed light on the proinflammatory potential of the skin microbiome and can be used to guide the development of effective acne treatments by modulating the skin microbiome and its metabolic activities.
Topics: Humans; Microbiota; Phylogeny; Porphyrins; Propionibacteriaceae; Propionibacterium; Propionibacterium acnes; Skin
PubMed: 31941813
DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00793-19 -
Genome Biology Dec 2022G-quadruplexes (G4s) are unique noncanonical nucleic acid secondary structures, which have been proposed to physically interact with transcription factors and chromatin...
BACKGROUND
G-quadruplexes (G4s) are unique noncanonical nucleic acid secondary structures, which have been proposed to physically interact with transcription factors and chromatin remodelers to regulate cell type-specific transcriptome and shape chromatin landscapes.
RESULTS
Based on the direct interaction between G4 and natural porphyrins, we establish genome-wide approaches to profile where the iron-liganded porphyrin hemin can bind in the chromatin. Hemin promotes genome-wide G4 formation, impairs transcription initiation, and alters chromatin landscapes, including decreased H3K27ac and H3K4me3 modifications at promoters. Interestingly, G4 status is not involved in the canonical hemin-BACH1-NRF2-mediated enhancer activation process, highlighting an unprecedented G4-dependent mechanism for metabolic regulation of transcription. Furthermore, hemin treatment induces specific gene expression profiles in hepatocytes, underscoring the in vivo potential for metabolic control of gene transcription by porphyrins.
CONCLUSIONS
These studies demonstrate that G4 functions as a sensor for natural porphyrin metabolites in cells, revealing a G4-dependent mechanism for metabolic regulation of gene transcription and chromatin landscapes, which will deepen our knowledge of G4 biology and the contribution of cellular metabolites to gene regulation.
Topics: G-Quadruplexes; Chromatin; Hemin; Porphyrins; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 36522639
DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02830-8