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Veterinary Sciences Nov 2022Coccidiosis is one of the most common infectious diseases that causes digestive problems in rabbits, leading to global economic losses. This study was conducted to...
Coccidiosis is one of the most common infectious diseases that causes digestive problems in rabbits, leading to global economic losses. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of bile obtained from sheep gallbladder on the sporulation and morphology of oocysts and sporozoites affecting rabbit liver cells and to determine the best concentration for sporulation inhibition. Sporulation inhibition per milliliter was measured in samples exposed to five concentrations of sheep bile (SB) in a 2.5% potassium dichromate solution: 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentrations for oocysticidal activity and 125, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 μg/mL concentrations for antisporozoidal activity. A bioassay was performed to assess the in vitro anticoccidial activity of sheep bile against oocysts and sporozoite sporulation. In this assay, six-well plates with 5 mL of bile containing 1000 oocysts showed unsporulated oocysticidal activity after 48, 72, and 96 h and antisporozoidal activity after 12 and 24 h. A chemical assay was performed via infrared spectroscopy to investigate the presence of several anticipated active chemical compounds in sheep bile. Sheep bile was able to inhibit oocysts at 100% and 75% concentrations by about 91% and 81%, respectively. In addition, SB had the highest inhibition of sporozoite viability (92%) at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL and had the lowest inhibition of 8% at a concentration of 125 μg/mL. An increase in the incubation time and a higher dose generally increased the inhibition rate. The results showed that sheep gallbladder bile is effective due to its inhibitory potential and effect on the coccidian oocyst sporulation of . Further studies are needed to determine the precise active chemicals present in SB and their modes of action and application in vivo.
PubMed: 36548819
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9120658 -
Microbiology Spectrum Dec 2021Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are important and widespread intestinal pathogens of humans and animals. It is presently unknown which inactivating procedures may be...
Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are important and widespread intestinal pathogens of humans and animals. It is presently unknown which inactivating procedures may be universally effective for safe transport, preservation, and disinfection of STH-contaminated specimens, and this lack of knowledge may expose laboratory staff to higher risk of laboratory-acquired infections (LAI's). There are limited data on the efficacy of commonly used disinfectants and fecal fixatives for inactivating the eggs of STH. This work tested five disinfectants for surface cleanup, four storage temperature conditions, and six transport/storage fixatives, to inactivate eggs of three species of STH of animal origin ( "roundworm," "whipworm" and Ancylostoma caninum "hookworm") as surrogates for human STH. Among disinfectants, exposure to 10% povidone-iodine for ≥5 min inactivated 100% of the three species tested, while 5 min exposure to 95% ethanol inactivated and A. caninum eggs. All of the fixatives tested had inactivation effects on A. caninum hookworm eggs within 24 h of exposure, except potassium dichromate, which required 48 h. 95% ethanol for ≥48 h inactivated eggs from all three STH species. Freezing at ≤-20°C for ≥24 h inactivated eggs of and A. caninum, but only freezing at -80°C for ≥24 h inactivated >99% eggs, including . This work provides an evidence base for health and safety guidelines and mitigation strategies for the handling, storage, and disposal of stool samples containing STH eggs in laboratory, health care, childcare, or veterinary settings. This study systematically evaluates common laboratory disinfectants and storage conditions for their effectiveness in inactivating the infective stages of soil-transmitted helminths (STH). Animal-infecting proxy species were chosen to represent three major groups of STH that infect humans: roundworms, whipworms, and hookworms. Previously published work in this area typically focuses on a particular inactivation method, either for a single STH species, or on a subset of closely related species. Because prediagnostic fecal specimens must be regarded as potentially infectious with a mix of species, such information may be of limited utility in a working laboratory. We provide a straightforward summary of storage and disinfection methods that can achieve complete inactivation across a range of STH species, which represents a significant advance for clinical, veterinary and research laboratory biosafety.
Topics: Ancylostoma; Ancylostomatoidea; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Ascaris suum; Containment of Biohazards; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Ethanol; Feces; Helminths; Hookworm Infections; Humans; Ovum; Povidone-Iodine; Soil; Specimen Handling; Trichuris
PubMed: 34908464
DOI: 10.1128/Spectrum.01828-21 -
Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2016The aim of this study is to investigate the possible protective effects of melatonin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on potassium dichromate (K CrO)-induced...
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study is to investigate the possible protective effects of melatonin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on potassium dichromate (K CrO)-induced nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity.
METHODS
A total of 40 Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups: control, KCrO(KCrO15 mg/kg, one dose, i.p.), KCrO + melatonin, KCrO + CAPE, and KCrO + melatonin + CAPE. Urine and blood samples were collected from rats before scarification. One kidney was collected for histopathological studies, and the other was stored at -80°C for further determination of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase (GR) levels with spectrophotometric method. Comet assay was used to evaluate the genotoxicity.
RESULTS
We observed a significant amelioration in genotoxicity by melatonin and simultaneous melatonin + CAPE treatment compared to KCrO group (, < 0.05). SOD, CAT, GSH, GST, and MDA levels did not change when compared with controls. When KCrO applied group was treated with melatonin and CAPE, neither melatonin nor CAPE made any changes in kidney GSH, GST, SOD, and MDA levels ( > 0.05). We noted that treatment with CAPE and melatonin + CAPE together caused a significant decrease in renal tissue damage, an upregulation in the kidney CAT levels ( < 0.05) and a slight healing at GR levels when compared with the KCrO group.
CONCLUSION
Our results revealed, CAPE and melatonin may have protective effects on KCrO induced nephrotoxicity and cellular damage in rats.
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Animals; Caffeic Acids; Comet Assay; DNA Damage; Drug Therapy, Combination; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Kidney; Kidney Function Tests; Melatonin; Oxidative Stress; Phenylethyl Alcohol; Potassium Dichromate; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 27756952
DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.186213 -
Journal of Parasitic Diseases :... Mar 2017Domesticated birds (515) consisting of 185 broiler (), 130 layers ( Sp), 75 free range local chicken (), 40 house pigeon (), 70 ducks () and 15 turkeys () reared in...
Domesticated birds (515) consisting of 185 broiler (), 130 layers ( Sp), 75 free range local chicken (), 40 house pigeon (), 70 ducks () and 15 turkeys () reared in valley districts of Manipur were investigated for intestinal protozoan and helminthic infections. Fresh faecal samples of these birds were examined microscopically by direct wet smear with 2.5 % potassium dichromate (KCrO). Of these 412 (80 %) were found to be infected with different species of gastrointestinal parasites. The highest (90.8 %) prevalence of these parasitic infections was found in broiler followed by layer (78.5 %), duck (75.7 %), house pigeon (75 %), Turkey (66.7 %) and free range local chicken (65.3 %), etc. A total of 10 species of intestinal parasites were encountered. Among these, the protozoans and were the most common (68.3 %) followed by mixed infection of protozoan and Helminths.
PubMed: 28316403
DOI: 10.1007/s12639-016-0767-4 -
Veterinary World Aug 2019The attention to rabbit meat production in Indonesia is comparatively less to other farm animals such as cattle and poultry industries. However, future prospect of...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
The attention to rabbit meat production in Indonesia is comparatively less to other farm animals such as cattle and poultry industries. However, future prospect of rabbit to be seriously industrialized seemed quite promising due to rabbit is highly productive and has short reproduction cycle as well as generation interval. One of the diseases infecting many rabbits is coccidiosis caused by protozoan parasite, spp. The infectious stage of spp. presents ubiquitously in the environment and increases the risk of parasite transmission. Preventive methods such as vaccination are not yet fully developed, while sporadic treatment is not efficiently reduce the cases. In this study, spp. infecting rabbits in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia, were investigated with the aim for precise diagnosis to determine targeted treatment and as a baseline epidemiological data from rabbit in Indonesia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample collection was performed randomly for 3 months, from March 2017 to May 2017 and covered areas in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A total of 750 samples were collected. species identification was determined morphologically from the samples after sporulation in 2.5% potassium dichromate byCOCCIMORPH.
RESULTS
Ten species of spp. were identified in this study from the positive samples (527/750; 70.3%). was present in 80% of the positive samples, in 78%, in 61%, in 37%, in 33%, in 31%, in 12%, in 11%, in 10%, and in 10%. Coinfection as noted in 80% of the positive samples with 2-6 species in a specimen. and were the most prevalent among all spp. (p≤0.0001).
CONCLUSION
spp. is detected in high prevalence among rabbit in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, with commonly occurs in mixed infections. In this paper, we describe spp. that are circulating in Indonesia and present it as updated information to farmers and veterinarians. To the best of our knowledge, we provide the first information about rabbit coccidiosis in Indonesia.
PubMed: 31641305
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1256-1260 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety May 2018Antipsychotic (AP) drugs are becoming accumulated in terrestrial and aqueous resources due to their actual consumption. Thus, the search of methods for assessing the...
Antipsychotic (AP) drugs are becoming accumulated in terrestrial and aqueous resources due to their actual consumption. Thus, the search of methods for assessing the contamination load of these drugs is mandatory. The COD is a key parameter used for monitoring water quality upon the assessment of the effect of polluting agents on the oxygen level. Thus, the present work aims to assess the chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels of several typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs in order to obtain structure-activity relationships. It was implemented the titrimetric method with potassium dichromate as oxidant and a digestion step of 2h, followed by the measurement of remained unreduced dichromate by titration. After that, an automated sequential injection analysis (SIA) method was, also, used aiming to overcome some drawbacks of the titrimetric method. The results obtained showed a relationship between the chemical structures of antipsychotic drugs and their COD values, where the presence of aromatic rings and oxidable groups give higher COD values. It was obtained a good compliance between the results of the reference batch procedure and the SIA system, and the APs were clustered in two groups, with the values ratio between the methodologies, of 2 or 4, in the case of lower or higher COD values, respectively. The SIA methodology is capable of operating as a screening method, in any stage of a synthetic process, being also more environmentally friendly, and cost-effective. Besides, the studies presented open promising perspectives for the improvement of the effectiveness of pharmaceutical removal from the waste effluents, by assessing COD values.
Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen; Structure-Activity Relationship; Titrimetry; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Wastewater; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Quality
PubMed: 29407782
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.023 -
Genes and Environment : the Official... 2018Plants experience severe physiological stress from heavy metal pollution caused by improper discarding of the industrial wastes. Hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] is one of...
BACKGROUND
Plants experience severe physiological stress from heavy metal pollution caused by improper discarding of the industrial wastes. Hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] is one of the major heavy metal pollutants in India and is present particularly in some regions where grows to a great extent. This study was aimed at finding the effects of Cr (VI) on and manoeuvres of the plant to combat such heavy metal exposure in vitro.
METHODS
Potassium dichromate was used as a source of Cr (VI) to induce the heavy metal stress. Range of Cr (VI) sublethal doses [0 mM (control), 0.1 mM, 0.3 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 1.5 mM and1.8 mM] was used to observe its effect on the plant. The seeds of the plant were grown on sucrose-agar media with different concentrations of potassium dichromate, and ten-day old seedlings were then harvested and examined.
RESULTS
The germination rate reduced below 50% at 1.9 mM Cr (VI) concentration and thus, 0 mM-1.8 mM concentration ranges were found to be suitable for sublethal dose. Morphological changes namely, reduction of the shoot-root length and multiple root development were caused by Cr (VI) in a dose-dependent manner. The plant showed elevated responses against Cr (VI), up to 1.5 mM (10 days treated) in terms of increasing accumulation of secondary metabolites like polyphenols, chlorophyll content (chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll), carotenoids and total antioxidant activity. DPPH radical scavenging activity along with malondialdehyde (MDA) content was not significantly elevated with the increase in Cr (VI) concentration indicating that the lipid peroxidation rate within the tissue was low. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase () and polyphenol oxidase () gene expressions were upregulated by 1 mM Cr (VI) concentration, which decreased at higher concentrations. The atomic absorption spectroscopy analysis also showed significant accumulation of Cr (VI) in the shoot and root with an increase in the potassium dichromate concentration.
CONCLUSION
Cr (VI) reduced the shoot-root length and seed germination in a dose-dependent manner. The plant system tried to combat the Cr (VI) stress by upregulating the stress response genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway along with an increase in polyphenol and antioxidant contents, which were evident from the lowering of lipid peroxidation rate and increase in and gene expressions.
PubMed: 30349616
DOI: 10.1186/s41021-018-0109-0 -
3 Biotech May 2022Arsenic and chromium are the most common environmental toxicants prevailing in nature. Hence, the present study endeavors to investigate the salutary effects of Coenzyme...
Arsenic and chromium are the most common environmental toxicants prevailing in nature. Hence, the present study endeavors to investigate the salutary effects of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), Biochanin A (BCA), and Phloretin (PHL) on the combined neurotoxic impact of arsenic and chromium in the mice (). Sodium meta-arsenite (100 ppm) and potassium dichromate (75 ppm) were given orally in conjugation with CoQ10 (10 mg/kg), BCA & PHL (50 mg/kg each) in accordance with body weight per day for the 2 weeks experimental duration. Weight reduction was figured out in the exposed toxic group of arsenic and chromium in contrast with the comparison group (control), and with the selected anti-oxidants treatment, it rose significantly to the basal status ( < 0.05). The concentration of arsenic and chromium was reduced significantly ( < 0.001) amidst all the natural compounds co-medicated groups. Anti-oxidant indicators, viz. lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyl content (PCC), were found elevated, with reduction observed in the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione -transferase (GST), and total thiols (TT) in the arsenic and chromium, co-exposed mice. The alterations in redox homeostasis were well corroborated with the estimations of cholinesterase's enzymes ( < 0.05) along with DNA fragmentation assay and altered Nrf2 signaling. The administration of CoQ10, BCA, and PHL ameliorated the effects of arsenic and chromium induced oxidative stress in the exposed mice. Our research unfolds the remedial outcome of these natural compounds contrary to the combined arsenic and chromium associated-neurotoxicity in the experimental model.
PubMed: 35547012
DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03171-w -
International Journal of Environmental... Aug 2022Efficient and sustainable technologies for cleaning of contaminated water and sediments are in urgent demand. In this study, a new type of sediment microbial fuel cell...
Efficient and sustainable technologies for cleaning of contaminated water and sediments are in urgent demand. In this study, a new type of sediment microbial fuel cell coupled floating bed (FB-SMFC) was developed to repair eutrophic water and sediment in a cleaner way. The effect of electrode spacing on the power generation capacity and the synchronous remediation of pollutants from eutrophic water and sediment were studied. When the electrode distance was 60 cm, the maximum power generation and pollutant removal effects were obtained. At the end of the experiment, the maximum output voltage was 0.4 V, and the chemical oxygen demand (COD, potassium dichromate method), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) contents in the overlying water were 8 mg/L, 0.7 mg/L, and 0.39 mg/L. The corresponding removal rates were 88.2%, 78.8%, and 59.0%, respectively. The removal rates of organic matter and TN in the sediment were 12.8% and 86.4%, respectively, and the fixation rate of TP was 29.2%. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum of bacteria in the sediment and anode. Many anaerobic bacteria were found in the overlying water, which facilitated denitrification. Overall, the results of this research revealed a highly efficient and reliable strategy for eutrophic water and sediment remediation, aquatic ecosystems restoration, and human health protection.
Topics: Bioelectric Energy Sources; Ecosystem; Electrodes; Geologic Sediments; Humans; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 36012057
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610423 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2023Daphnia magna is an important organism in ecotoxicity studies because it is sensitive to toxic substances and easy to culture in laboratory conditions. Its locomotory...
Daphnia magna is an important organism in ecotoxicity studies because it is sensitive to toxic substances and easy to culture in laboratory conditions. Its locomotory responses as a biomarker are highlighted in many studies. Over the last several years, multiple high-throughput video tracking systems have been developed to measure the locomotory responses of Daphnia magna. These high-throughput systems, used for high-speed analysis of multiple organisms, are essential for efficiently testing ecotoxicity. However, existing systems are lacking in speed and accuracy. Specifically, speed is affected in the biomarker detection stage. This study aimed to develop a faster and better high-throughput video tracking system using machine learning methods. The video tracking system consisted of a constant temperature module, natural pseudo-light, multi-flow cell, and an imaging camera for recording videos. To measure Daphnia magna movements, we developed a tracking algorithm for automatic background subtraction using k-means clustering, Daphnia classification using machine learning methods (random forest and support vector machine), and tracking each Daphnia magna location using the simple online real-time tracking algorithm. The proposed tracking system with random forest performed the best in terms of identification (ID) precision, ID recall, ID F1 measure, and ID switches, with scores of 79.64%, 80.63%, 78.73%, and 16, respectively. Moreover, it was faster than existing tracking systems such as Lolitrack and Ctrax. We conducted an experiment to observe the impact of toxicants on behavioral responses. Toxicity was measured manually in the laboratory and automatically using the high-throughput video tracking system. The median effective concentration of Potassium dichromate measured in the laboratory and using the device was 1.519 and 1.414, respectively. Both measurements conformed to the guideline provided by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States; therefore, our method can be used for water quality monitoring. Finally, we observed Daphnia magna behavioral responses in different concentrations after 0, 12, 18, and 24 h and found that there was a difference in movement according to the concentration at all hours.
Topics: United States; Animals; Daphnia; Locomotion; Algorithms; Cluster Analysis; Machine Learning
PubMed: 36864205
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27554-y