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Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2017Wound assessment is usually performed in hospitals or specialized labs. However, since patients spend most of their time at home, a remote real time wound monitoring... (Review)
Review
Wound assessment is usually performed in hospitals or specialized labs. However, since patients spend most of their time at home, a remote real time wound monitoring would help providing a better care and improving the healing rate. This review describes the advances in sensors and biosensors for monitoring the concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP), temperature and pH in wounds. These three parameters can be used as qualitative biomarkers to assess the wound status and the effectiveness of therapy. CRP biosensors can be classified in: (a) field effect transistors, (b) optical immunosensors based on surface plasmon resonance, total internal reflection, fluorescence and chemiluminescence, (c) electrochemical sensors based on potentiometry, amperometry, and electrochemical impedance, and (d) piezoresistive sensors, such as quartz crystal microbalances and microcantilevers. The last section reports the most recent developments for wearable non-invasive temperature and pH sensors suitable for wound monitoring.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; C-Reactive Protein; Humans; Surface Plasmon Resonance; Temperature; Wound Healing
PubMed: 29257113
DOI: 10.3390/s17122952 -
Bioorganic Chemistry Nov 20235-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the most widely applied chemotherapeutic agents with a broad spectrum of activity. However, despite this versatile activity, its use...
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the most widely applied chemotherapeutic agents with a broad spectrum of activity. However, despite this versatile activity, its use poses many limitations. Herein, novel derivatives of 5-FU and dichloroacetic acid have been designed and synthesized as a new type of codrugs, also known as mutual prodrugs, to overcome the drawbacks of 5-FU and enhance its therapeutic efficiency. The stability of the obtained compounds has been tested at various pH values using different analytical techniques, namely HPLC and potentiometry. The antiproliferative activity of the new 5-FU derivatives was assessed in vitro on SK-MEL-28 and WM793 human melanoma cell lines in 2D culture as well as on A549 human lung carcinoma, MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma, LL24 normal lung tissue, and HMF normal breast tissue as a multicellular 3D spheroid model cultured in standard (static) conditions and with the use of microfluidic systems, which to a great extent resembles the in vivo environment. In all cases, new mutual prodrugs showed a higher cytotoxic activity toward cancer models and lower to normal cell models than the parent 5-FU itself.
Topics: Humans; Fluorouracil; Prodrugs; Antineoplastic Agents; Acetates; Cell Line; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated
PubMed: 37639758
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106784 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2019Electronic tongue systems equipped with cross-sensitive potentiometric sensors have been applied to pharmaceutical analysis, due to the possibility of various... (Review)
Review
Electronic tongue systems equipped with cross-sensitive potentiometric sensors have been applied to pharmaceutical analysis, due to the possibility of various applications and developing new formulations. Many studies already proved the complementarity between the electronic tongue and classical analysis such as dissolution tests indicated by Pharmacopeias. However, as a new approach to study pharmaceuticals, electronic tongues lack strict testing protocols and specification limits; therefore, their results can be improperly interpreted and inconsistent with the reference studies. Therefore, all aspects of the development, measurement conditions, data analysis, and interpretation of electronic tongue results were discussed in this overview. The critical evaluation of the effectiveness and reliability of constructed devices may be helpful for a better understanding of electronic tongue systems development and for providing strict testing protocols.
Topics: Dipyrone; Drug Compounding; Electronic Nose; Ion-Selective Electrodes; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Potentiometry; Principal Component Analysis; Pseudoephedrine; Temperature
PubMed: 31817537
DOI: 10.3390/s19245376 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022This work is a mini-review highlighting the relevance of the θ metallabis(dicarbollide) [3,3'-Co(1,2-CBH)] with its peculiar and differentiating characteristics, among... (Review)
Review
This work is a mini-review highlighting the relevance of the θ metallabis(dicarbollide) [3,3'-Co(1,2-CBH)] with its peculiar and differentiating characteristics, among them the capacity to generate hydrogen and dihydrogen bonds, to generate micelles and vesicles, to be able to be dissolved in water or benzene, to have a wide range of redox reversible couples and many more, and to use these properties, in this case, for producing potentiometric membrane sensors to monitor amine-containing drugs or other nitrogen-containing molecules. Sensors have been produced with this monoanionic cluster [3,3'-Co(1,2-CBH)]. Other monoanionic boron clusters are also discussed, but they are much fewer. It is noteworthy that most of the electrochemical sensor species incorporate an ammonium cation and that this cation is the species to be detected. Alternatively, the detection of the borate anion itself has also been studied, but with significantly fewer examples. The functions of the borate anion in the membrane are different, even as a doping agent for polypyrrole which was the conductive ground on which the PVC membrane was deposited. Apart from these cases related to borates, the bulk of the work has been devoted to sensors in which the θ metallabis (dicarbollide) [3,3'-Co(1,2-CBH)] is the key element. The metallabis (dicarbollide) anion, [3,3'-Co(1,2-CBH)], has many applications; one of these is as new material used to prepare an ion-pair complex with bioactive protonable nitrogen containing compounds, [YH][3,3'-Co(1,2-CBH)] as an active part of PVC membrane potentiometric sensors. The developed electrodes have Nernstian responses for target analytes, i.e., antibiotics, amino acids, neurotransmitters, analgesics, for some decades of concentrations, with a short response time, around 5 s, a good stability of membrane over 45 days, and an optimal selectivity, even for optical isomers, to be used also for real sample analysis and environmental, clinical, pharmaceutical and food analysis.
Topics: Ionophores; Polymers; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Pyrroles; Potentiometry; Electrodes; Anions; Borates; Nitrogen; Membranes, Artificial
PubMed: 36500404
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238312 -
Biosensors Nov 2019The benzodiazepine class of drugs are characterised by a readily electrochemically reducible azomethine group. A number are also substituted by other electrochemically... (Review)
Review
The benzodiazepine class of drugs are characterised by a readily electrochemically reducible azomethine group. A number are also substituted by other electrochemically active nitro, N-oxide, and carbonyl groups, making them readily accessible to electrochemical determination. Techniques such as polarography, voltammetry, and potentiometry have been employed for pharmaceutical and biomedical samples, requiring little sample preparation. This review describes current developments in the design and applications of electrochemical-based approaches for the determination of the benzodiazepine class of drugs form their introduction in the early 1960s to 2019. Throughout this period, state-of-the-art electroanalytical techniques have been reported for their determination. Polarography was first employed focused on mechanistic investigations. Subsequent studies showed the adsorption of many the benzodiazepines at Hg electrodes allowed for the highly sensitive technique of adsorptive stripping voltammetry to be employed. The development and introduction of other working electrode materials such as carbon led to techniques such as voltammetry to become commonly reported, and the modification of these electrodes has now become the most commonly employed approach using molecularly imprinting and nanotechnology.
Topics: Adsorption; Benzodiazepines; Biosensing Techniques; Electrochemical Techniques; Electrodes; Mercury; Molecular Structure; Surface Properties
PubMed: 31684040
DOI: 10.3390/bios9040130 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2021After millions of years of evolution, biological chemical sensing systems (i.e., olfactory and taste systems) have become very powerful natural systems which show... (Review)
Review
After millions of years of evolution, biological chemical sensing systems (i.e., olfactory and taste systems) have become very powerful natural systems which show extreme high performances in detecting and discriminating various chemical substances. Creating field-effect sensors using biomaterials that are able to detect specific target chemical substances with high sensitivity would have broad applications in many areas, ranging from biomedicine and environments to the food industry, but this has proved extremely challenging. Over decades of intense research, field-effect sensors using biomaterials for chemical sensing have achieved significant progress and have shown promising prospects and potential applications. This review will summarize the most recent advances in the development of field-effect sensors using biomaterials for chemical sensing with an emphasis on those using functional biomaterials as sensing elements such as olfactory and taste cells and receptors. Firstly, unique principles and approaches for the development of these field-effect sensors using biomaterials will be introduced. Then, the major types of field-effect sensors using biomaterials will be presented, which includes field-effect transistor (FET), light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS), and capacitive electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) sensors. Finally, the current limitations, main challenges and future trends of field-effect sensors using biomaterials for chemical sensing will be proposed and discussed.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Biosensing Techniques; Electrolytes; Potentiometry; Semiconductors
PubMed: 34883883
DOI: 10.3390/s21237874 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2019Maintaining a clean water supply is of utmost importance for human civilization. Human activities are putting an increasing strain on Earth's freshwater reserves and on... (Review)
Review
Maintaining a clean water supply is of utmost importance for human civilization. Human activities are putting an increasing strain on Earth's freshwater reserves and on the quality of available water on Earth. To ensure cleanliness and potability of water, sensors are required to monitor various water quality parameters in surface, ground, drinking, process, and waste water. One set of parameters with high importance is the presence of cations. Some cations can play a beneficial role in human biology, and others have detrimental effects. In this review, various lab-based and field-based methods of cation detection are discussed, and the uses of these methods for the monitoring of water are investigated for their selectivity and sensitivity. The cations chosen were barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, hardness (calcium, magnesium), lead, mercury, nickel, silver, uranium, and zinc. The methods investigated range from optical (absorbance/fluorescence) to electrical (potentiometry, voltammetry, chemiresistivity), mechanical (quartz crystal microbalance), and spectrometric (mass spectrometry). Emphasis is placed on recent developments in mobile sensing technologies, including for integration into microfluidics.
Topics: Cations; Drinking Water; Environmental Monitoring; Humans; Metals; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Quality; Water Supply
PubMed: 31771173
DOI: 10.3390/s19235134 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2021Deferoxamine B is an outstanding molecule which has been widely studied in the past decade for its ability to bind iron and many other metal ions. The versatility of... (Review)
Review
Deferoxamine B is an outstanding molecule which has been widely studied in the past decade for its ability to bind iron and many other metal ions. The versatility of this metal chelator makes it suitable for a number of medicinal and analytical applications, from the well-known iron chelation therapy to the most recent use in sensor devices. The three bidentate hydroxamic functional groups of deferoxamine B are the centerpiece of its metal binding ability, which allows the formation of stable complexes with many transition, lanthanoid and actinoid metal ions. In addition to the ferric ion, in fact, more than 20 different metal complexes of deferoxamine b have been characterized in terms of their chemical speciation in solution. In addition, the availability of a terminal amino group, most often not involved in complexation, opens the way to deferoxamine B modification and functionalization. This review aims to collect and summarize the available data concerning the complex-formation equilibria in solutions of deferoxamine B with different metal ions. A general overview of the progress of its applications over the past decade is also discussed, including the treatment of iron overload-associated diseases, its clinical use against cancer and neurodegenerative disorders and its role as a diagnostic tool.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Chelating Agents; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Deferoxamine; Electrochemistry; Electrolytes; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Ions; Iron; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Kinetics; Ligands; Metals; Neoplasms; Potentiometry; SARS-CoV-2; Temperature; Zirconium; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 34071479
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113255 -
European Journal of Pediatrics Sep 2022Hyponatremia is a common disorder in childhood. The indirect and the direct potentiometry are currently the most popular techniques employed for sodium assessment,...
Hyponatremia is a common disorder in childhood. The indirect and the direct potentiometry are currently the most popular techniques employed for sodium assessment, although discrepancies between the two techniques may be > 10 mmol/L. It is known that < 20% of the recently published articles report information about the technique used for sodium analysis, but no data are available on pediatric studies. This study aimed at investigating the laboratory technique employed for sodium measurement in studies conducted in childhood. A systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science was undertaken to identify articles containing the word "hyponatremia" in the title between 2013 and 2020. Papers with < 10 subjects were excluded. A total of 565 articles were included. Information on the laboratory technique used for sodium analysis was more commonly (p = 0.035) reported in pediatric (n = 15, 28%) than in non-pediatric (n = 81, 16%) reports. The frequency of reports with and without information on the technique for sodium assessment was not different with respect to the study characteristics, the quartile of the journal where the paper was published, the country income setting, and the inclusion of neonates among the 54 pediatric studies. Conclusion: Most pediatric papers do not report any information on the technique used for sodium analysis. Although international authorities have recommended the implementation of direct potentiometry, a low awareness on this issue is still widespread in pediatric research. What is Known: • Direct potentiometry and indirect potentiometry are currently employed for sodium analysis in blood. • Direct potentiometry is more accurate. What is New: • Less than 30% of pediatric articles provide information on the technique employed for sodium analysis in blood. • Indirect potentiometry is more frequently employed than direct potentiometry in pediatric studies.
Topics: Child; Humans; Hyponatremia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Potentiometry; Sodium
PubMed: 35821131
DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04543-3 -
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry... Dec 2020The rise of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) as well as the increase in spread of existing infections is threatening global economies and human lives, with several... (Review)
Review
The rise of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) as well as the increase in spread of existing infections is threatening global economies and human lives, with several countries still fighting repeated onslaught of a few of these epidemics. The catastrophic impact a pandemic has on humans and economy should serve as a reminder to be better prepared to the advent of known and unknown pathogens in the future. The goal of having a set of initiatives and procedures to tackle them is the need of the hour. Rapid detection and point-of-care (POC) analysis of pathogens causing these diseases is not only a problem entailing the scientific community but also raises challenges in tailoring appropriate treatment strategies to the healthcare sector. Among the various methods used to detect pathogens, Electrochemical Biosensor Technology is at the forefront in the development of POC devices. Electrochemical Biosensors stand in good stead due to their rapid response, high sensitivity and selectivity and ease of miniaturization to name a few advantages. This review explores the innovations in electrochemical biosensing based on the various electroanalytical techniques including voltammetry, impedance, amperometry and potentiometry and discusses their potential in diagnosis of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (Re-EIDs), which are potential pandemic threats.
PubMed: 32863810
DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114596