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Lancet (London, England) Jul 2022
Topics: Global Health; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox)
PubMed: 35908560
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01422-2 -
Cell Death and Differentiation Jan 2019The primary function of the immune system is to protect the host from invading pathogens. In response, microbial pathogens have developed various strategies to evade... (Review)
Review
The primary function of the immune system is to protect the host from invading pathogens. In response, microbial pathogens have developed various strategies to evade detection and destruction by the immune system. This tug-of-war between the host and the pathogen is a powerful force that shapes organismal evolution. Regulated cell death (RCD) is a host response that limits the reservoir for intracellular pathogens such as viruses. Since pathogen-specific T cell and B cell responses typically take several days and is therefore slow-developing, RCD of infected cells during the first few days of the infection is critical for organismal survival. This innate immune response not only restricts viral replication, but also serves to promote anti-viral inflammation through cell death-associated release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In recent years, necroptosis has been recognized as an important response against many viruses. The central adaptor for necroptosis, RIPK3, also exerts anti-viral effects through cell death-independent activities such as promoting cytokine gene expression. Here, we will discuss recent advances on how viruses counteract this host defense mechanism and the effect of necroptosis on the anti-viral inflammatory reaction.
Topics: Cytokines; Herpesviridae Infections; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Inflammation; Necroptosis; Poxviridae Infections; RNA Virus Infections; Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; Virus Diseases; Virus Replication; Viruses
PubMed: 30050058
DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0172-x -
World Journal of Pediatrics : WJP Mar 2023The objective of this paper is to analyze the current status of monkeypox worldwide. In the face of this public health threat, our purpose is to elucidate the clinical... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The objective of this paper is to analyze the current status of monkeypox worldwide. In the face of this public health threat, our purpose is to elucidate the clinical characteristics and epidemiology of monkeypox, the developmental progress of monkeypox-related drugs and the vaccines available.
DATA SOURCES
The literature review was performed in databases including PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar up to July 2022.
RESULTS
Since May 2022, the World Health Organization has reported more than 45,000 confirmed cases from 92 nonendemic countries, including nine deaths. Although some women and children have been infected so far, most cases have occurred among men who have sex with other men, especially those with multiple sexual partners or anonymous sex.
CONCLUSIONS
Pediatric monkeypox infection has been associated with a higher likelihood of severe illness and mortality than in adults. Severe monkeypox illness in pediatrics often requires adjunctive antiviral therapy. It is crucial for all countries to establish sound monitoring and testing systems and be prepared with emergency preparedness.
Topics: Adult; Male; Female; Humans; Child; Monkeypox virus; Mpox (monkeypox); Databases, Factual; Public Health; World Health Organization
PubMed: 36214966
DOI: 10.1007/s12519-022-00618-1 -
EBioMedicine Jan 2023Human monkeypox is a viral zoonotic smallpox-like disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) and has become the greatest public health threat in the genus... (Review)
Review
Human monkeypox is a viral zoonotic smallpox-like disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) and has become the greatest public health threat in the genus Orthopoxvirus after smallpox was eradicated. The host immune response to MPXV plays an essential role in disease pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. MPXV infection leads to skin lesions with the genital area as the main feature in the current outbreak and triggers a strong immune response that results in sepsis, deep tissue abscess, severe respiratory disease, and injuries to multiple immune organs. Emerging evidence shows that the immunopathogenesis of MPXV infection is closely associated with impaired NK-cell function, lymphopenia, immune evasion, increased antibodies, increased blood monocytes and granulocytes, cytokine storm, inhibition of the host complement system, and antibody-dependent enhancement. In this overview, we discuss the immunopathology and immunopathogenesis of monkeypox to aid the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies against monkeypox.
Topics: Humans; Monkeypox virus; Mpox (monkeypox); Smallpox; Immunity
PubMed: 36584594
DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104424 -
Revista Clinica Espanola Oct 2022
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; Poxviridae
PubMed: 35750596
DOI: 10.1016/j.rceng.2022.05.001 -
Revista Medica Del Instituto Mexicano... Mar 2023Since the emergence of monkeypox in Europe, this disease has gradually spread throughout the rest of the world. In Mexico, epidemiological notices have been issued with...
Since the emergence of monkeypox in Europe, this disease has gradually spread throughout the rest of the world. In Mexico, epidemiological notices have been issued with the main guidelines to follow in terms of epidemiological surveillance and official figures have been published regularly on a microsite weeks after the first cases. These sources of information were reviewed and analyzed, based on which observations are issued, in addition to other relevant publications on the subject, with the interest of reinforcing the surveillance of this disease in the country.
Topics: Humans; Europe; Monkeypox virus; Mpox (monkeypox); Pandemics; Mexico; Epidemiological Monitoring
PubMed: 37200498
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2023
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox)
PubMed: 37313942
DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_513_22 -
Clinical Gastroenterology and... Jan 2023
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 36174941
DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.09.024 -
Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia :... Dec 2022Infection caused by Monkeypox Virus (MPVX) has small rodents as its natural reservoir and both monkeys and humans are occasional hosts. The causative agent is an... (Review)
Review
Infection caused by Monkeypox Virus (MPVX) has small rodents as its natural reservoir and both monkeys and humans are occasional hosts. The causative agent is an Orthopoxvirus (MPVX) that was isolated in monkeys in 1958 and proved capable of passing to humans in 1970. It remained contained in Africa, causing isolated episodes of infection, until 2003 when an outbreak occurred in the United States following importation of animals from that continent. Since then, anecdotal cases have continued to be reported outside Africa, usually very clearly linked to travelers to those countries, but in May 2022, a broad outbreak of this disease has begun, now affecting several continents, with the emergence of human cases of MPVX (H-MPVX) infection mainly among Men that have Sex with Men (MSM). The disease has an incubation time ranging from 5 to 15 days and is characterized by the presence of pustules, fever, malaise and headache. The presence of significant regional lymphadenopathy is a differential feature with episodes of classical smallpox. Proctitis and pharyngitis, with minimal skin lesions, may be another form of presentation. Diagnosis can be confirmed by PCR testing of lesions or by demonstration of MPVX in other body fluids or tissues, although in the appropriate epidemiologic setting the clinical picture is highly suggestive of the disease. Effective drug treatment has been developed as part of programs to protect against potential bioterrorist agents and smallpox vaccinees are known to have high protection against monkeypox. New vaccines are available, but neither the drugs nor the vaccines are yet freely available on the market. The prognosis of the disease appears, at least in adults in developed countries, to be good, with very low mortality figures and much less aggressive behavior than that described in classical smallpox. Isolation measures, essential for the control of the outbreak, have been published by the health authorities.
Topics: Male; Adult; Animals; Humans; United States; Mpox (monkeypox); Smallpox; Homosexuality, Male; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Monkeypox virus; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 35785957
DOI: 10.37201/req/059.2022 -
Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health Sep 2022The global spread of human monkeypox disease, a zoonotic infection related to smallpox and endemic to West and Central Africa, presents serious challenges for health... (Review)
Review
The global spread of human monkeypox disease, a zoonotic infection related to smallpox and endemic to West and Central Africa, presents serious challenges for health systems. As of July 2022, 14 533 cases have been reported world-wide, leading to designation as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Monkeypox disease is spread from animals to humans through infected lesions or fluids; human-human transmission occurs through fomites, droplets or direct contact. Illness is usually self-limiting, but severe disease can occur in specific groups - particularly children, and people who are immunocompromised or pregnant. Clinical presentation may include fever, lymphadenopathy and skin rash, but the rash may occur without other symptoms. Complications can include secondary bacterial infection of skin lesions, vision loss from corneal involvement, pneumonia, sepsis and encephalitis. Diagnosis of monkeypox requires consideration of epidemiological, clinical and laboratory findings, with sensitive history-taking, to elicit close contacts, critical. Supportive management is usually sufficient, but treatment options (where required) include antivirals and vaccinia immune globulin. A paucity of safety data for relevant antivirals may limit their use. There are two types of monkeypox vaccines: a replication-competent vaccinia vaccine, the use of which is logistically and clinically complex, and a replication-deficient modified vaccinia Ankara virus vaccine. Preparedness of health systems for addressing the current outbreak is constrained by historic underfunding for research, and compounded by stigma and discrimination against cases and affected communities. Key challenges in halting transmission include improving vaccine equity and countering discrimination against men who have sex with men to aid diagnosis and treatment.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Child; Female; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Mpox (monkeypox); Pediatricians; Pregnancy; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Smallpox Vaccine; Vaccinia
PubMed: 35979896
DOI: 10.1111/jpc.16171