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JMIR Public Health and Surveillance Sep 2023A clear understanding of the anthropometric and sociodemographic risk factors related to BMI and hypertension categories is essential for more effective disease...
Prevalence, Regional Variations, and Predictors of Overweight, Obesity, and Hypertension Among Healthy Reproductive-Age Indian Women: Nationwide Cross-Sectional Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Task Force Study.
BACKGROUND
A clear understanding of the anthropometric and sociodemographic risk factors related to BMI and hypertension categories is essential for more effective disease prevention, particularly in India. There is a paucity of nationally representative data on the dynamics of these risk factors, which have not been assessed among healthy reproductive-age Indian women.
OBJECTIVE
This cross-sectional polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) task force study aimed to assess the anthropometric and sociodemographic characteristics of healthy reproductive-age Indian women and explore the association of these characteristics with various noncommunicable diseases.
METHODS
We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional survey from 2018 to 2022 as part of the Indian Council of Medical Research-PCOS National Task Force study, with the primary aim of estimating the national prevalence of PCOS and regional phenotypic variations among women with PCOS. A multistage random sampling technique was adopted, and 7107 healthy women (aged 18-40 years) from 6 representative geographical zones of India were included in the study. The anthropometric indices and sociodemographic characteristics of these women were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the association between exposure and outcome variables.
RESULTS
Of the 7107 study participants, 3585 (50.44%) were from rural areas and 3522 (49.56%) were from urban areas. The prevalence of obesity increased from 8.1% using World Health Organization criteria to 40% using the revised consensus guidelines for Asian Indian populations. Women from urban areas showed higher proportions of overweight (524/1908, 27.46%), obesity (775/1908, 40.62%), and prehypertension (1008/1908, 52.83%) categories. A rising trend of obesity was observed with an increase in age. Women aged 18 to 23 years were healthy (314/724, 43.4%) and overweight (140/724, 19.3%) compared with women aged 36 to 40 years with obesity (448/911, 49.2%) and overweight (216/911, 23.7%). The proportion of obesity was high among South Indian women, with 49.53% (531/1072) and 66.14% (709/1072), using both World Health Organization criteria and the revised Indian guidelines for BMI, respectively. BMI with waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio had a statistically significant linear relationship (r=0.417; P<.001 and r=0.422; P<.001, respectively). However, the magnitude, or strength, of the association was relatively weak (0.3<|r|<0.5). Statistical analysis showed that the strongest predictors of being overweight or obese were older age, level of education, wealth quintile, and area of residence.
CONCLUSIONS
Anthropometric and sociodemographic characteristics are useful predictors of overweight- and obesity-related syndromes, including prehypertension, among healthy Indian women. Increased attention to the health of Indian women from public health experts and policy makers is warranted. The findings of this study can be leveraged to offer valuable insights, informing health decision-making and targeted interventions that mitigate risk factors of overweight, obesity, and hypertension.
INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID)
RR2-10.2196/23437.
Topics: Female; Humans; Overweight; Cross-Sectional Studies; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Prehypertension; Prevalence; Obesity
PubMed: 37672315
DOI: 10.2196/43199 -
International Journal of Environmental... Oct 2020The intima-media thickness (IMT), luminal diameters (LDs), flow velocities (FVs), compliance, and β-stiffness of the carotid artery (CA) are considered as independent...
The intima-media thickness (IMT), luminal diameters (LDs), flow velocities (FVs), compliance, and β-stiffness of the carotid artery (CA) are considered as independent risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Pre-hypertension (PHT) is also an independent CVD risk factor. This study investigated the association between CA damage (CAD) and PHT. A total of 544 adults participated; their blood pressures (BPs) and CA characteristics were measured using a mercury-free sphygmomanometer and ultrasound. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to assess the differences in the CA characteristics according to the BPs, multinomial logistic regression to evaluate the risk of CAD associated with PHT. In ANCOVA, the CA characteristics of PHT were significantly different from normotensive. The odds ratios (ORs) of IMTmax, LDmax, LDmin, peak-systolic FV (PFV), end-diastolic FV (EFV), PFV/LDmin, EFV/LDmax, compliance, and β-stiffness of PHT were 4.20, 2.70, 3.52, 2.41, 3.06, 3.55, 3.29, 2.02, and 1.84 times higher than those of the normotensive, respectively, in Model 2. In Model 3 adjusted for age, the ORs of LDmax, LDmin, EFV, PFV/LDmin, and EFV/LDmax of PHT were 2.10, 2.55, 1.96, 2.20, and 2.04 times higher than those of the normotensive, respectively. Therefore, the present study revealed that CAD is closely correlated with pre-hypertensive status in adults.
Topics: Aged; Blood Pressure; Carotid Arteries; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Prehypertension; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33096848
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207686 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2020There are few studies assessing pre-hypertension and an impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and their combined effects on the cancer risk. We investigated the impact of...
There are few studies assessing pre-hypertension and an impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and their combined effects on the cancer risk. We investigated the impact of pre-hypertension on cancer risk and IFG, and their combined effects on the cancer risk. This study included 371,762 subjects (≥40 years) who had never been diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), and cancer before. During a mean follow-up of 10.06 ± 1.86 years, 35,605 (9.58%) of the subjects developed cancer. In men only, cancer risk was significantly increased with an increase in the blood pressure (BP) (P for trend < 0.001), and were increased in the hypertension range, but not the pre-hypertension range. When analyzing the combination effect of BP and fasting glucose, cancer risks were serially increased with an increase in the fasting glucose in a dose-dependent manner, but not with an increase in BP. These results were more consistently significant in the never-smoker and non-alcohol drinking groups. However, in women, there was no significant difference. In conclusions, increased BP status or the fasting serum glucose level status were associated with cancer risk in men. Furthermore, the combination of both pre-hypertension and IFG also was associated with a cancer risk in men.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fasting; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Prediabetic State; Prehypertension; Risk Factors
PubMed: 32561792
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66653-y -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2015Adulthood hypertension can be programmed in response to a suboptimal environment in early life. However, developmental plasticity also implies that one can prevent... (Review)
Review
Adulthood hypertension can be programmed in response to a suboptimal environment in early life. However, developmental plasticity also implies that one can prevent hypertension in adult life by administrating appropriate compounds during early development. We have termed this reprogramming. While the risk of hypertension has been assessed in many mother-child cohorts of human developmental programming, interventions necessary to prove causation and provide a reprogramming strategy are lacking. Since the developing kidney is particularly vulnerable to environmental insults and blood pressure is determined by kidney function, renal programming is considered key in developmental programming of hypertension. Common pathways, whereby both genetic and acquired developmental programming converge into the same phenotype, have been recognized. For instance, the same reprogramming interventions aimed at shifting nitric oxide (NO)-reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance, such as perinatal citrulline or melatonin supplements, can be protective in both genetic and developmentally programmed hypertension. Furthermore, a significantly increased expression of gene Ephx2 (soluble epoxide hydrolase) was noted in both genetic and acquired animal models of hypertension. Since a suboptimal environment is often multifactorial, such common reprogramming pathways are a practical finding for translation to the clinic. This review provides an overview of potential clinical applications of reprogramming strategies to prevent programmed hypertension. We emphasize the kidney in the following areas: mechanistic insights from human studies and animal models to interpret programmed hypertension; identified risk factors of human programmed hypertension from mother-child cohorts; and the impact of reprogramming strategies on programmed hypertension from animal models. It is critical that the observed effects on developmental reprogramming in animal models are replicated in human studies.
Topics: Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Epoxide Hydrolases; Humans; Hypertension; Kidney; Prehypertension; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 26712746
DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010023 -
Current Hypertension Reports Jan 2015Recent guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hypertension reversed the historical trend to recommend lower blood pressure (BP) thresholds to diagnose... (Review)
Review
Recent guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hypertension reversed the historical trend to recommend lower blood pressure (BP) thresholds to diagnose hypertension in high-risk individuals, such as patients with diabetes and elderly patients. The decision to raise the BP thresholds for diagnosis of hypertension in patients with diabetes was mostly based on the findings of the ACCORD trial. Nonetheless, the results of the ACCORD trial are within the predicted benefit to prevent coronary artery disease and stroke by meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT), particularly in regard to the prevention of stroke. The Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8) did not address prehypertension. There are many RCT done in individuals with prehypertension and concomitant cardiovascular disease showing the benefit of treatment of these patients. Trials exploring the efficacy of interventions to prevent cardiovascular disease in individuals with prehypertension free of cardiovascular disease would be hardly feasible in face of the low absolute risk of these individuals. Considering the risks of prehypertension for cardiovascular disease and the fast progression to hypertension of a large proportion of individuals with prehypertension, it is worth to consider drug treatment for individuals with prehypertension. RCT showed that the progression to hypertension can be partially halted by BP-lowering agents. These and ongoing clinical trials are herein revised. Prehypertension may be a window of opportunity to prevent hypertension and its cardiovascular consequences.
Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Disease Progression; Humans; Hypertension; Prehypertension
PubMed: 25432897
DOI: 10.1007/s11906-014-0505-1 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2018Previous studies have reported that the gut microbiome has an important link with the development of hypertension. Though previous researches have focused on the links...
Previous studies have reported that the gut microbiome has an important link with the development of hypertension. Though previous researches have focused on the links of gut bacteria with hypertension, little has been known about the linkage of gut viruses to hypertension and the development of hypertension, largely due to the lack of data mining tools for such investigation. In this work, we have analyzed 196 fecal metagenomic data related to hypertension aiming to profile the gut virome and link the gut virome to pre-hypertension and hypertension. Here, we have applied a statistically sound method for mining of gut virome data and linking gut virome to hypertension. We characterized the viral composition and bacterial composition of 196 samples, identified the viral-type of each sample and linked gut virome to hypertension. We stratified these 196 fecal samples into two viral-types and selected 32 viruses as the biomarkers for these groups. We found that viruses could have a superior resolution and discrimination power than bacteria for differentiation of healthy samples and pre-hypertension samples, as well as hypertension samples. Moreover, as to the co-occurrence networks linking viruses and bacteria, we found increasingly pervasive virus-bacteria linkages from healthy people to pre-hypertension people to hypertension patients. Overall, our results have shown ample indications of the link between human gut virome and hypertension, and could help provide microbial solutions toward early diagnoses of hypertension.
PubMed: 30619215
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03150 -
BMJ Open Mar 2023To estimate the prevalence and determine the associated factors for developing prehypertension and hypertension among Indonesian adolescents.
OBJECTIVE
To estimate the prevalence and determine the associated factors for developing prehypertension and hypertension among Indonesian adolescents.
DESIGN
National cross-sectional study.
SETTING
This study was conducted in all the provinces in Indonesia.
PARTICIPANTS
The population in this study were all household members in Basic Health Research 2013 aged 15-19 years. The sample was all members of the 2013 Riskesdas household aged 15-19 years with the criteria of not having physical and mental disabilities, and having complete data. The number of samples analysed was 2735, comprising men (n=1319) and women (n=1416).
MAIN OUTCOME
Dependent variables were prehypertension and hypertension in adolescents based on blood pressure measurements.
RESULTS
The results of the analysis showed that the prevalence of prehypertension in adolescents was 16.8% and hypertension was 2.6%. In all adolescents, the risk factors for prehypertension were boys (adjusted OR, aOR 1.48; 95% CI 1.10 to 1.97), 18 years old (aOR 14.64; 95% CI 9.39 to 22.80), and 19 years old (aOR 19.89; 95% CI 12.41 to 31.88), and obese (aOR 2.16; 95% CI 1.02 to 4.58). Risk factors for hypertension in all adolescents included the age of 18 years old (aOR 3.06; 95% CI 1.28 to 7.34) and 19 years (aOR 3.25; 95% CI 1.25 to 8.41) and obesity (aOR 5.69; 95% CI 2.20 to 14.8). In adolescent girls, the chance of developing prehypertension increased with increasing age and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. Several risk factors for hypertension in adolescent boys were age, central obesity and LDL cholesterol levels.
CONCLUSION
This study shows that the trend of prehypertension in adolescents has appeared, besides hypertension. There are distinct patterns of factors that influence it in adolescent girls and boys, which can be useful to sharpen of planning and implementing health programmes.
Topics: Male; Humans; Adolescent; Female; Prehypertension; Cross-Sectional Studies; Indonesia; Prevalence; Hypertension; Risk Factors; Obesity; Surveys and Questionnaires; Blood Pressure
PubMed: 36958771
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065056 -
The Journal of Maternal-fetal &... Dec 2024Maternal high blood pressure (BP) was associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to synthesize evidence on the association between high BP prior to or... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Maternal high blood pressure (BP) was associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to synthesize evidence on the association between high BP prior to or in early pregnancy with maternal and fetal complications.
METHODS
We searched the cohort studies assessing the effect of high BP in the Medline, Embase, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Internet databases. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The protocol was registered in PROSPERRO (CRD 42023414945).
RESULTS
23 eligible studies were identified. High BP prior to or in early pregnancy was associated with higher odds of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (OR 2.90, 95% CI 1.91-3.89), gestational hypertension (2.56, 2.01-3.12), preeclampsia (3.20, 2.66-3.74), gestational diabetes mellitus (1.71, 1.36-2.06), preterm birth (1.66, 1.39-1.93), stillbirth (2.01, 1.45-2.58) and neonatal intensive care unit admission (1.22, 1.08-1.37). Subgroup analyses indicated that pre-hypertension could significantly increase the odds of these outcomes except for stillbirth, though the odds were lower than hypertension.
CONCLUSIONS
High BP prior to or in early pregnancy was associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and this association increased with hypertension severity. The findings emphasized an urgent need for heightened surveillance for maternal BP, especially pre-hypertensive status.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Infant, Newborn; Humans; Stillbirth; Premature Birth; Pregnancy Outcome; Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced; Pre-Eclampsia
PubMed: 38151254
DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2023.2296366 -
Frontiers in Physiology 2023Non-pharmacological management of hypertension includes weight loss, alcohol and sodium restriction, regular exercise, and relaxation. In people with overweight...
Non-pharmacological management of hypertension includes weight loss, alcohol and sodium restriction, regular exercise, and relaxation. In people with overweight hypertension, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) can be decreased exercise and weight loss together. Breathing exercises are one method of relaxing. The aim of this scoping review is to map the information that is currently available about the advantages of breathing exercises in decreasing blood pressure in hypertension patients. This scoping review adheres to Arksey and O'Malley's framework, which entails identifying review questions, seeking pertinent evidence, choosing pertinent studies, mapping data, and discussing, concluding, and reporting the findings. The PRISMA flowchart is used to show how the evidence search process works. As a result, 339 articles in total were retrieved from the three databases. 20 papers total were included in this review after screening. In 14 of the 20 investigations, participants with stage 1 and stage 2 essential hypertension, two with pre-hypertension, and four with Isolated Systolic Hypertension (ISH) were studied. The respondents' ages ranged from 18 to 75. The systolic blood pressure declined by 4-54.22 mmHg, while the diastolic blood pressure dropped by 3-17 mmHg. Slow breathing can be used as an alternate, non-pharmacological therapy for hypertension individuals to reduce blood pressure. (https://osf.io/ta9u6/).
PubMed: 36760529
DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1048338 -
International Journal of Environmental... Aug 2021The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to identify risk factors in the normotensive and pre-hypertensive group based on the blood pressure results of healthy...
The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to identify risk factors in the normotensive and pre-hypertensive group based on the blood pressure results of healthy young adults from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2018. The participants were 2225 healthy young adults between the ages of 19 and under 45, excluding those with a diagnosis of hypertension or taking antihypertensive medications. Of the 2225 participants, the normotensive group was 1498 (67.3%) and the pre-hypertensive group 727 (32.7%). Determinants of pre-hypertension were analyzed using multiple logistic regression based on a complex sample design. Factors related to pre-hypertension in young adults were age, smoking, waist circumference, diabetes, anemia, cholesterol levels including HDL cholesterol, and uric acid levels. Pre-hypertension is a pre-stage that can prevent the morbidity of hypertension through lifestyle control, so its management is very important. Furthermore, a young adult is a stage in the growth and development of human beings, in which lifestyles such as healthy behaviors, eating habits, and exercise are fixed. Therefore, it is very important to improve lifestyles such as diet, exercise, and smoking cessation and to control risk factors in young adults who are at the pre-hypertension stage for health promotion. Continuous health examinations should be conducted for young adults, and education that can be practiced based on clinical data through this should be implemented for community health.
Topics: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Hypertension; Nutrition Surveys; Prehypertension; Republic of Korea; Young Adult
PubMed: 34501734
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179144