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Aging Sep 2019
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Primary Prevention
PubMed: 31492828
DOI: 10.18632/aging.102255 -
Clinics in Chest Medicine Mar 2019Asthma is among the most common chronic diseases worldwide and is a significant contributor to the global health burden, highlighting the urgent need for primary... (Review)
Review
Asthma is among the most common chronic diseases worldwide and is a significant contributor to the global health burden, highlighting the urgent need for primary prevention. This article outlines several practical and conceptual challenges that accompany primary prevention efforts. It advocates for improved predictive modeling to identify those at high-risk of developing asthma using automated algorithms within electronic medical records systems and explanatory modeling to refine understanding of causal pathways. Understanding the many issues that are likely to affect the success of primary prevention efforts helps the community of individuals invested in asthma prevention organize efforts and maximize their impact.
Topics: Algorithms; Asthma; Humans; Primary Prevention
PubMed: 30691705
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2018.10.002 -
Current Cardiology Reports May 2017Polypill and its role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention has been extensively discussed and debated since the inception of the concept in 2003. This article... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Polypill and its role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention has been extensively discussed and debated since the inception of the concept in 2003. This article reviews the subsequent accumulated research in this area.
RECENT FINDINGS
Several short and intermediate to long-term studies with different brands of polypills have analysed the impact of polypill in phase II and III trials. The strengths of polypill that have emerged include better adherence, equivalent or better risk factor control and quality of life among polypill users as compared to usual care. The lurking limitations include difficulty with dose adjustment to targets, fear of mass medicalisation and low acceptability among physicians. The current literature supports polypill use in reducing blood pressure and cholesterol levels for CVD prevention with improvement in adherence to medication. However, the long-term outcome of polypill on CVD events and mortality are unavailable and are currently being studied in clinical trials.
Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Cardiovascular Agents; Cardiovascular Diseases; Drug Combinations; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Medication Adherence; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Primary Prevention; Quality of Life; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 28425033
DOI: 10.1007/s11886-017-0853-y -
Nature Reviews. Neurology Sep 2016The increasing global stroke burden strongly suggests that currently implemented primary stroke prevention strategies are not sufficiently effective, and new primary... (Review)
Review
The increasing global stroke burden strongly suggests that currently implemented primary stroke prevention strategies are not sufficiently effective, and new primary prevention strategies with larger effect sizes are needed. Here, we review the latest stroke epidemiology literature, with an emphasis on the recently published Global Burden of Disease 2013 Study estimates; highlight the problems with current primary stroke and cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention strategies; and outline new developments in primary stroke and CVD prevention. We also suggest key priorities for the future, including comprehensive prevention strategies that target people at all levels of CVD risk; implementation of an integrated approach to promote healthy behaviours and reduce health disparities; capitalizing on information technology to advance prevention approaches and techniques; and incorporation of culturally appropriate education about healthy lifestyles into standard education curricula early in life. Given the already immense and fast-increasing burden of stroke and other major noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), which threatens worldwide sustainability, governments of all countries should develop and implement an emergency action plan addressing the primary prevention of NCDs, possibly including taxation strategies to tackle unhealthy behaviours that increase the risk of stroke and other NCDs.
Topics: Global Health; Humans; Primary Prevention; Stroke
PubMed: 27448185
DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.107 -
Lancet (London, England) Jul 2014In the first three decades of life, more individuals in the USA die from injuries and violence than from any other cause. Millions more people survive and are left with... (Review)
Review
In the first three decades of life, more individuals in the USA die from injuries and violence than from any other cause. Millions more people survive and are left with physical, emotional, and financial problems. Injuries and violence are not accidents; they are preventable. Prevention has a strong scientific foundation, yet efforts are not fully implemented or integrated into clinical and community settings. In this Series paper, we review the burden of injuries and violence in the USA, note effective interventions, and discuss methods to bring interventions into practice. Alliances between the public health community and medical care organisations, health-care providers, states, and communities can reduce injuries and violence. We encourage partnerships between medical and public health communities to consistently frame injuries and violence as preventable, identify evidence-based interventions, provide scientific information to decision makers, and strengthen the capacity of an integrated health system to prevent injuries and violence.
Topics: Accidental Falls; Brain Injuries; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Evidence-Based Medicine; Government Programs; Humans; Primary Prevention; Public Health; Residence Characteristics; United States; Violence; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 24996591
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60074-X -
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Sep 2022Estimating the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a daily challenge for clinicians and is crucial to tailoring preventive medical care and guiding... (Review)
Review
Estimating the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a daily challenge for clinicians and is crucial to tailoring preventive medical care and guiding shared decision-making. New imaging modalities and novel biomarkers allow for more accurate assessment of patient risk and minimize the risk of over- or undertreating patients. Major cardiovascular medicine societies have incorporated new diagnostic modalities in their guidelines to aid clinical decision-making for primary and secondary prevention of ASCVD. This review presents commonly encountered cases relevant to estimating and reducing ASCVD risk based on available guidelines and expert opinion.
Topics: Humans; Secondary Prevention; Cardiovascular Diseases; Atherosclerosis; Clinical Decision-Making; Biomarkers; Risk Assessment; Primary Prevention; Risk Factors
PubMed: 37907442
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.89a.21103 -
Indian Heart Journal 2019Aspirin is one of the oldest and most commonly used cardiovascular drugs. Despite there being high-quality evidence supporting the use of aspirin for patients with known... (Review)
Review
Aspirin is one of the oldest and most commonly used cardiovascular drugs. Despite there being high-quality evidence supporting the use of aspirin for patients with known cardiovascular disease, a definitive consensus regarding its use for patients at risk for cardiovascular disease (and without established cardiovascular disease) has never been reached. Many randomized control trials have produced conflicting results, and consequently, society guidelines have issued differring recommendations. Three major trials were published in 2018, which supplement the existing data on aspirin's role in primary prevention and provide further guidance on this contentious issue. This article reviews the history of aspirin through the last two decades, with special emphasis on these new trials.
Topics: Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Primary Prevention
PubMed: 31280821
DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2019.04.001 -
The British Journal of General Practice... Oct 2014
Topics: Attitude of Health Personnel; Chronic Disease; Early Diagnosis; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Mass Screening; Primary Prevention; United Kingdom
PubMed: 25267022
DOI: 10.3399/bjgp14X681625 -
European Journal of Preventive... Jan 2018Sudden death is a major health problem all over the world. The most common causes of sudden death are cardiac but there are also other causes such as neurological... (Review)
Review
Sudden death is a major health problem all over the world. The most common causes of sudden death are cardiac but there are also other causes such as neurological conditions (stroke, epileptic attacks and brain trauma), drugs, catecholamine toxicity, etc. A common feature of all these diverse pathologies underlying sudden death is the imbalance of the autonomic nervous system control of the cardiovascular system. This paper reviews different pathologies underlying sudden death with emphasis on the autonomic nervous system contribution, possibilities of early diagnosis and prognosis of sudden death using various clinical markers including autonomic markers (heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity), present possibilities of management and promising prevention by electrical neuromodulation.
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Nervous System; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Baroreflex; Cardiovascular System; Death, Sudden, Cardiac; Early Diagnosis; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Heart Rate; Humans; Predictive Value of Tests; Primary Prevention; Prognosis; Risk Factors
PubMed: 29053016
DOI: 10.1177/2047487317736827 -
Nutrients Jun 2021A food allergy is a potentially life-threatening disease with a genetic and environmental background. As its prevalence has increased significantly in recent years, the... (Review)
Review
A food allergy is a potentially life-threatening disease with a genetic and environmental background. As its prevalence has increased significantly in recent years, the need for its effective prevention has been emphasized. The role of diet modifications and nutrients in food allergy reduction has been extensively studied. Much less is known about the role of other environmental factors, which can influence the incidence of this disease. Changes in neonates gut microbiome by delivery mode, animal contact, inhalant allergens, oral and then cutaneous allergen exposure, air pollution, smoking, infections and vaccinations can be the potential modifiers of food allergy development. There is some data about their role as the risk or preventive factors, but yet the results are not entirely consistent. In this paper we present the current knowledge about their possible role in primary prevention of food allergies. We discuss the mechanisms of action, difficulties in designing accurate studies about food allergy and the potential biases in interpreting the connection between environmental factors and food allergy prevention. A better understanding of the role of environmental factors in food allergies development may help in implementing practical solutions for food allergy primary prevention in the future.
Topics: Environmental Exposure; Female; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Primary Prevention
PubMed: 34204606
DOI: 10.3390/nu13062025