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Journal of Animal Science Sep 2022Feeding 100% forage rape to sheep consistently lowers methane emissions per unit of intake (CH4/DMI) compared to those fed 100% ryegrass pasture. However, forage rape is...
Substituting ryegrass-based pasture with graded levels of forage rape in the diet of lambs decreases methane emissions and increases propionate, succinate, and primary alcohols in the rumen.
Feeding 100% forage rape to sheep consistently lowers methane emissions per unit of intake (CH4/DMI) compared to those fed 100% ryegrass pasture. However, forage rape is usually supplemented with other feeds, which might impact the mitigation potential provided by forage rape. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of substituting ryegrass with graded levels of forage rape in the diet of lambs on methane emissions and rumen fermentation characteristics. Seventy wether lambs (n = 14/treatment) were fed a ryegrass-based pasture substituted with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of forage rape (Brassica napus; FR0, FR25, FR50, FR75, and FR100, respectively) on a dry matter basis. Methane emissions and dry matter intake were measured for 48 h in respiration chambers and a rumen fluid sample was collected. CH4/DMI decreased (P < 0.01) with increasing forage rape inclusion in the diet so that sheep fed FR100 and FR75 emitted 34% and 11% less, respectively, than those fed FR0. CH4/DMI differences for lambs fed FR25 and FR50 were much smaller (<6%) relative to FR0. The pH of rumen fluid decreased (P < 0.01) at higher levels of forage rape inclusion in the diet (FR75 and FR100) compared to low levels of inclusion (FR0, F25, and F50). The proportion of ruminal acetate was least in FR100 (30%) followed by FR75 (10%), FR50 (8%), and FR25 (4%) compared with FR0 (P < 0.001). The proportion of propionate plus succinate was greater for FR100 (+40%), FR75 (+28%), and FR50 (+29%) compared with FR0, with FR25 intermediate (P < 0.001). The methanol concentration, and ethanol and propanol proportions in rumen fluid were greater for FR100 compared with any other treatment (P < 0.001). In conclusion, CH4/DMI decreased at high levels of forage rape inclusion in the diet and especially feeding FR100 was associated with a pronounced shift in rumen fermentation profile, with a significant presence of succinate, ethanol, propanol, methanol, valerate, and caproate.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Brassica napus; Brassica rapa; Caproates; Diet; Digestion; Ethanol; Female; Fermentation; Lactation; Lolium; Male; Methane; Methanol; Propanols; Propionates; Rumen; Sheep; Succinic Acid; Valerates
PubMed: 35723288
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac223 -
Microbial Cell Factories May 2022Currently, the generation of genetic diversity for microbial cell factories outpaces the screening of strain variants with omics-based phenotyping methods. Especially...
BACKGROUND
Currently, the generation of genetic diversity for microbial cell factories outpaces the screening of strain variants with omics-based phenotyping methods. Especially isotopic labeling experiments, which constitute techniques aimed at elucidating cellular phenotypes and supporting rational strain design by growing microorganisms on substrates enriched with heavy isotopes, suffer from comparably low throughput and the high cost of labeled substrates.
RESULTS
We present a miniaturized, parallelized, and automated approach to C-isotopic labeling experiments by establishing and validating a hot isopropanol quenching method on a robotic platform coupled with a microbioreactor cultivation system. This allows for the first time to conduct automated labeling experiments at a microtiter plate scale in up to 48 parallel batches. A further innovation enabled by the automated quenching method is the analysis of free amino acids instead of proteinogenic ones on said microliter scale. Capitalizing on the latter point and as a proof of concept, we present an isotopically instationary labeling experiment in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032, generating dynamic labeling data of free amino acids in the process.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results show that a robotic liquid handler is sufficiently fast to generate informative isotopically transient labeling data. Furthermore, the amount of biomass obtained from a sub-milliliter cultivation in a microbioreactor is adequate for the detection of labeling patterns of free amino acids. Combining the innovations presented in this study, isotopically stationary and instationary automated labeling experiments can be conducted, thus fulfilling the prerequisites for C-metabolic flux analyses in high-throughput.
Topics: 2-Propanol; Amino Acids; Carbon Isotopes; Corynebacterium glutamicum; Isotope Labeling
PubMed: 35527247
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01806-4 -
Adipocyte Dec 2023Oil Red O (ORO) staining is a commonly used experimental technique to detect lipid content in cells or tissues. Freshly prepared ORO in 60% isopropanol is the most...
Oil Red O (ORO) staining is a commonly used experimental technique to detect lipid content in cells or tissues. Freshly prepared ORO in 60% isopropanol is the most widely used method at present. However, isopropanol is volatile and harmful to the human body. It will also affect the interpretation of the results due to the formation of crystals and non-specific diffuse staining. In this paper, by screening and validation, we report a salicylic acid ethanol solution (containing 50% ethanol, 5%-10% salicylic acid) for the preparation of ORO solution, which has a better staining effect on lipid staining in cells and tissues, with a clean background and short dyeing time. What's more, this ORO solution is non-toxic, convenient to prepare, and can be stored for a long time. Therefore, it is reliable, easy to operate, and can be widely popularized and applied in laboratories.
Topics: Humans; Salicylic Acid; Ethanol; 2-Propanol; Staining and Labeling; Lipids
PubMed: 36779587
DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2023.2179334 -
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2020
Topics: 2-Propanol; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 32276797
DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2019.07.013 -
The American Journal of Tropical... Jul 2023Alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) is an effective hand hygiene measure to mitigate and prevent infectious disease transmission in healthcare facilities (HCFs); however,...
Alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) is an effective hand hygiene measure to mitigate and prevent infectious disease transmission in healthcare facilities (HCFs); however, availability and affordability in low- and middle-income countries are limited. We sought to establish centralized local production of ABHR using a district-wide approach to increase provider access at all public HCFs in Kabarole and Kasese Districts in Western Uganda. Partner organizations worked with district governments to adapt and implement the WHO protocol for local ABHR production at the district scale. These groups identified and upgraded sites for ABHR production and storage to ensure recommended security, ventilation, and air conditioning. District governments selected technicians for training on ABHR production. Raw materials were sourced within Uganda. Alcohol-based hand rub underwent internal quality control by the production officer and external quality control (EQC) by a trained district health inspector before distribution to HCFs. We assessed ABHR production and demand from March 2019 to December 2020. All ABHR batches (N = 316) met protocol standards (alcohol concentration: 75.0-85.0%) with a mean of 79.9% (range: 78.5-80.5%). Internal quality control measurements (mean alcohol concentration: 80.0%, range: 79.5-81.0%) matched EQC measurements (mean: 79.8%, range: 78.0-80.0%). Production units supplied ABHR to 127 HCFs in Kasese District (100%) and 31 HCFs in Kabarole District (56%); 94% of HCFs were small (dispensary or next higher level). This district-wide production met quality standards and supplied ABHR to many HCFs where facility-level production would be unfeasible. Low- and middle-income countries may consider district models to expand ABHR production and supply to smaller HCFs.
Topics: Humans; Hand Disinfection; Ethanol; Hand Hygiene; 2-Propanol; Delivery of Health Care; World Health Organization
PubMed: 37188343
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0554 -
BMC Oral Health Dec 2022Disinfection of surgical guides is mandatory for intraoperative use. Virgin Coconut Oil may be a potent alternative disinfectant; however, its effect has not been fully...
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
Disinfection of surgical guides is mandatory for intraoperative use. Virgin Coconut Oil may be a potent alternative disinfectant; however, its effect has not been fully discussed in dentistry. The objectives of this study were to compare the morphological and the volumetric dimensional changes of 3D printed surgical guides after immersion in three disinfectants: 100%Virgin Coconut Oil, 2% Glutaraldehyde, and 70% Ethyl Alcohol and to assess the antimicrobial effectiveness of the tested disinfectants.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A surgical guide was designed using open platform software to print thirty guides and then cut them into two halves (N = 60). Pre-disinfection scans of the first half of the three study groups (n = 30) were performed using Cone-beam Computed Tomography, then immersed for 20 min in three disinfectants as follows: group VCO was immersed in 100% Virgin Coconut Oil, group GA was immersed in 2% Glutaraldehyde, and group EA was immersed in 70% Ethyl Alcohol. Post-disinfection scans of the first half of the three study groups (n = 30) were performed and then compared morphologically and volumetrically using an analyzing software program The second half of the three control groups (n* = 30) were soaked for 20 min in sterile distilled water as follows: group VCO*, group GA*, and group EA* for the assessment of the antimicrobial effectiveness of the three tested disinfectants.
RESULTS
At the morphological assessment of the dimensional changes, group VCO were the most accurate with the lowest mean deviation value of 0.12 ± 0.02 mm and root mean square value of 0.12 mm, group GA and group EA were less accurate with mean deviation value of = 0.22 ± 0.05 mm and = 0.19 ± 0.03 mm and root mean square value of 0.22 and 0.20 respectively (p < 0.001). At the volumetric assessment, group VCO showed lower volumetric changes with a mean deviation value of 0.17 ± 0.10 mm, root mean square value of 0.19 mm, than group GA with mean deviation value of 0.23 ± 0.10 mm, root mean square value of 0.25 mm and group EA with mean deviation value of 0.27 ± 0.11 mm, root mean square value of 0.29 mm, however, no statistically significant differences were found between the three study groups (p = 0.10). The antimicrobial effectiveness of the three tested disinfectants showed a hundred percent (100%) reduction in the total microbial count in the first half of the three study groups treated with the three disinfectants revealing no bacterial growth, however, statistically significant differences were found between the second half of the three control and the first half of the three study groups. (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Virgin Coconut Oil showed higher morphological dimensional accuracy of the tested surgical guides than Glutaraldehyde and Ethyl Alcohol without causing any volumetric dimensional changes in the 3D printed surgical guides after disinfection for 20 min and the antimicrobial effectiveness was the same between the three tested disinfectants without showing any microbial growth.
Topics: Humans; Glutaral; Coconut Oil; Anti-Infective Agents; Disinfectants; 2-Propanol; Ethanol; Printing, Three-Dimensional
PubMed: 36564796
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02671-8 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2021The phenylpropanoid pathway is a major secondary metabolite pathway that helps plants overcome biotic and abiotic stress and produces various byproducts that promote...
The phenylpropanoid pathway is a major secondary metabolite pathway that helps plants overcome biotic and abiotic stress and produces various byproducts that promote human health. Its byproduct caffeoylquinic acid is a soluble phenolic compound present in many angiosperms. Hydroxycinnamate-CoA shikimate/quinate transferase is a significant enzyme that plays a role in accumulating CQA biosynthesis. This study analyzed transcriptome-wide identification of the phenylpropanoid to caffeoylquinic acid biosynthesis candidate genes in flowers and leaves. Transcriptomic analyses of the flowers and leaves showed a differential expression of the PPP and CQA biosynthesis regulated unigenes. An analysis of PPP-captive unigenes revealed a major duplication in the following genes: , 120 unigenes in leaves and 76 in flowers; , 169 unigenes in leaves and 140 in flowers; , 41 unigenes in leaves and 27 in flowers; and , 12 unigenes in leaves and 4 in flowers. The phylogenetic analysis revealed 82 BAHDs superfamily members in leaves and 72 in flowers, among which five unigenes encode for and three for . The three are common to both leaves and flowers, whereas the two were specialized for leaves. The pattern of synthesis was upregulated in flowers, whereas was expressed strongly in the leaves of . Overall, , , and are expressed strongly in flowers and CAA and show more expression in leaves. As a result, the quantification of and indicates that CQA biosynthesis is more abundant in the flowers and synthesis of caffeic acid in the leaves of .
Topics: Acyltransferases; Asteraceae; Biosynthetic Pathways; Flowers; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gene Ontology; Molecular Sequence Annotation; Phylogeny; Plant Leaves; Propanols; Quinic Acid; Transcriptome
PubMed: 34199260
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126333 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2023Vapor pressures and other thermodynamic properties of liquids, such as density and enthalpy of mixtures, are the key parameters in chemical engineering for designing new...
Vapor pressures and other thermodynamic properties of liquids, such as density and enthalpy of mixtures, are the key parameters in chemical engineering for designing new process units, and are also essential for understanding the physical chemistry, macroscopic and molecular behavior of fluid systems. In this work, vapor pressures between 278.15 and 323.15 K, densities and enthalpies of mixtures between 288.15 and 318.15 K for the binary mixture (2-propanol + 1,8-cineole) have been measured. From the vapor pressure data, activity coefficients and excess Gibbs energies were calculated via the Barker's method and the Wilson equation. Excess molar volumes and excess molar enthalpies were also obtained from the density and calorimetric measurements. Thermodynamic consistency test between excess molar Gibbs energies and excess molar enthalpies has been carried out using the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation. Robinson-Mathias, and Peng-Robinson-Stryjek-Vera together with volume translation of Peneloux equations of state (EoS) are considered, as well as the statistical associating fluid theory that offers a molecular vision quite suitable for systems having highly non-spherical or associated molecules. Of these three models, the first two fit the experimental vapor pressure results quite adequately; in contrast, only the last one approaches the volumetric behavior of the system. A brief comparison of the thermodynamic excess molar functions for binary mixtures of short-chain alcohol + 1,8-cineole (cyclic ether), or +di-n-propylether (lineal ether) is also included.
Topics: Eucalyptol; 2-Propanol; 1-Propanol; Thermodynamics; Gases; Propanols
PubMed: 37373528
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210380 -
Biotechnology Letters Feb 2024Glucuronoyl esterases (GE, family CE15) catalyse the cleavage of ester linkages in lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs), and this study demonstrate how...
PURPOSE
Glucuronoyl esterases (GE, family CE15) catalyse the cleavage of ester linkages in lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs), and this study demonstrate how transesterification reactions with a fungal GE from Cerrena unicolor (CuGE) can reveal the enzyme's preference for the alcohol-part of the ester-bond.
METHODS
This alcohol-preference relates to where the ester-LCCs are located on the lignin molecule, and has consequences for how the enzymes potentially interact with lignin. It is unknown exactly what the enzymes prefer; either the α-benzyl or the γ-benzyl position. By providing the enzyme with a donor substrate (the methyl ester of either glucuronate or 4-O-methyl-glucuronate) and either one of two acceptor molecules (benzyl alcohol or 3-phenyl-1-propanol) we demonstrate that the enzyme can perform transesterification and it serves as a method for assessing the enzyme's alcohol preferences.
CONCLUSION
CuGE preferentially forms the γ-ester from the methyl ester of 4-O-methyl-glucuronate and 3-phenyl-1-propanol and the enzyme's substrate preferences are primarily dictated by the presence of the 4-O-methylation on the glucuronoyl donor, and secondly on the type of alcohol.
Topics: Esterases; Lignin; Carbohydrates; Esters; Glucuronates; Substrate Specificity; Propanols; Polyporales
PubMed: 38150097
DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03456-x -
The Journal of Hospital Infection Jan 2021The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has greatly increased the frequency of disinfecting surfaces in public places, causing a strain on the ability to obtain...
BACKGROUND
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has greatly increased the frequency of disinfecting surfaces in public places, causing a strain on the ability to obtain disinfectant solutions. An alternative is to use plain alcohols (EtOH and IPA) or sodium hypochlorite (SH).
AIM
To determine the efficacy of various concentrations of EtOH, IPA and SH on a human coronavirus (HCoV) dried on to surfaces using short contact times.
METHODS
High concentrations of infectious HCoV were dried on to porcelain and ceramic tiles, then treated with various concentrations of the alcohols for contact times of 15 s, 30 s and 1 min. Three concentrations of SH were also tested. Reductions in titres were measured using the tissue culture infectious dose 50 assay.
FINDINGS
Concentrations of EtOH and IPA from 62% to 80% were very efficient at inactivating high concentrations of HCoV dried on to tile surfaces, even with a 15-s contact time. Concentrations of 95% dehydrated the virus, allowing infectious virus to survive. The dilutions of SH recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1/10 and 1/50) were efficient at inactivating high concentrations of HCoV dried on to tile surfaces, whereas a 1/100 dilution had substantially lower activity.
CONCLUSIONS
Multiple concentrations of EtOH, IPA and SH efficiently inactivated infectious HCoV on hard surfaces, typical of those found in public places. Often no remaining infectious HCoV could be detected.
Topics: 2-Propanol; Ceramics; Dental Porcelain; Disinfectants; Ethanol; SARS-CoV-2; Sodium Hypochlorite; Surface Properties; Virus Inactivation
PubMed: 32991941
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.09.026