-
Animal Science Journal = Nihon Chikusan... Jan 2019This methodological review suggests what to do and what not to do in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) research for researchers, supervisors, scientific reviewers, and... (Review)
Review
This methodological review suggests what to do and what not to do in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) research for researchers, supervisors, scientific reviewers, and regulatory officers. High viscosity of gut contents, existence of bacterial biofilm and of mucus layer at the mucosal surface, and rapid absorption of SCFAs make it difficult to know their concentrations at the very surface of the mucosa. As lumen or fecal concentration of SCFAs does not reflect their rate of production, these parameters should not be used as measures of SCFA production or absorption. Effects of SCFAs can vary and even become opposite at different dose, time of/after exposure or time of the day. Thus, results without dose-response, time-course, and diurnal variance experiments can be seriously misleading. It is also to note that too much emphasis on n-butyrate should be avoided.
Topics: Biofilms; Butyrates; Chronobiology Phenomena; Circadian Rhythm; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Feces; Gastrointestinal Contents; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Large; Mucous Membrane; Propionates; Research; Viscosity
PubMed: 30370625
DOI: 10.1111/asj.13118 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular events driven by abnormal platelet clotting effects. Platelets are produced by...
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular events driven by abnormal platelet clotting effects. Platelets are produced by megakaryocytes, deriving from megakaryocyte erythrocyte progenitors (MEP) in the bone marrow. Increased megakaryocyte expansion across common autoimmune diseases was shown for RA, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). In this context, we evaluated the role of the microbial-derived short chain fatty acid (SCFA) propionate on hematopoietic progenitors in the collagen induced inflammatory arthritis model (CIA) as we recently showed attenuating effects of preventive propionate treatment on CIA severity. , propionate treatment starting 21 days post immunization (dpi) reduced the frequency of MEPs in the bone marrow of CIA and naïve mice. Megakaryocytes numbers were reduced but increased the expression of the maturation marker CD61. Consistent with this, functional analysis of platelets showed an upregulated reactivity state following propionate-treatment. This was confirmed by elevated histone 3 acetylation and propionylation as well as by RNAseq analysis in Meg-01 cells. Taken together, we identified a novel nutritional axis that skews platelet formation and function.
Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Experimental; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Blood Platelets; Megakaryocytes; Mice; Microbiota; Propionates; Thrombopoiesis
PubMed: 35880182
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.908174 -
PeerJ 2022Mulberry flavonoids can modulate the composition of rumen microbiota in ruminants to improve nutrient digestibility, owing to their strong biological activities. This...
Mulberry flavonoids can modulate the composition of rumen microbiota in ruminants to improve nutrient digestibility, owing to their strong biological activities. This study aimed to explore the effect of mulberry leaf flavonoids (MLF) on rumen bacteria, fermentation kinetics, and metagenomic functional profile in water buffalo. Forty buffaloes (4 ± 1 lactations) with almost same body weight (av. 600 ± 50 Kg) and days in milk (90 ± 20 d) were randomly allocated to four treatments having different levels of MLF: 0 g/d (control), 15 g/d (MLF15), 30 g/d (MLF30), and 45 g/d (MLF45) supplemented in a basal diet. After 35 days of supplementation, rumen contents were collected to determine rumen fermentation parameters. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to elucidate rumen bacteria composition. The obtained taxonomic data were analyzed to explore the rumen bacteriome and predict the associated gene functions and metabolic pathways. Results demonstrated a linear increase ( < 0.01) in rumen acetate, propionate, and total VFAs in the MLF45 group as compared to control. No effect of treatment was observed on rumen pH and butyrate contents. Acetate to propionate ratio in the MLF45 group linearly and quadratically decreased ( = 0.001) as compared to MLF15 and control groups. Similarly, MLF45 linearly increased ( < 0.05) the microbial protein (MCP) and NH-N as compared to other treatments. Treatment adversely affected ( < 0.01) almost all alpha diversity parameters of rumen bacteria except Simpson index. MLF promoted the abundance of Proteobacteria while reducing the relative abundances of Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Patescibacteria. The MLF supplementation tended to substantially reduce (0.05 < < 0.1) the abundance of Actinobacteria, and Patescibacteria while completely eliminating Acidobacteria ( = 0.029, Chloroflexi = 0.059, and Gemmatimonadetes ( = 0.03) indicating the negative effect of flavonoids on the growth of these bacteria. However, MLF45 tended to substantially increase ( = 0.07) the abundance (~21.5%) of . The MLF treatment exhibited negative effect on five genera by significantly reducing (Sphingomonas) or eliminating (Arthobactor, unclassified_c__Actinobacteria, norank_c__Subgroup_6, norank_o__Saccharimonadales, and Nocardioides) them from the rumen microbiota. Pearson correlation analysis revealed 3, 5 and 23 positive correlations of rumen bacteria with milk yield, rumen fermentation and serum antioxidant parameters, respectively. A positive correlation of MCP was observed with three bacterial genera (Acetobacter, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella). The relative abundance of Pseudobutyrivibrio and Empedobacter also showed a positive correlation with the ruminal acetate and propionate. The present study indicated 45 g/d as an appropriate dose of MLF which modulated rumen bacteria and its functional profile in water buffalo.
Topics: Animals; Female; Acetates; Bacteria; Buffaloes; Fermentation; Morus; Propionates; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Rumen
PubMed: 36536626
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14309 -
NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes Nov 2023Accumulated evidence supports the beneficial role of inulin in alleviating metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) by modulating gut microbiota....
Accumulated evidence supports the beneficial role of inulin in alleviating metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) by modulating gut microbiota. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we used high-fat diet (HFD)-induced laying hen model of MAFLD to investigate the effect of inulin on ameliorating MAFLD and found that the inulin-enriched Megamonas genus was inversely correlated with hepatic steatosis-related parameters. Oral administration of a newly isolated commensal bacterium by culturomics, M. funiformis CML154, to HFD-fed hens and mice ameliorated MAFLD, changed liver gene expression profiles, and increased intestinal propionate concentration. Further evidence demonstrated that the anti-MAFLD effect of M. funiformis CML154 is attributed to propionate-mediated activation of the APN-AMPK-PPARα signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting fatty acid de novo synthesis and promoting β-oxidation. These findings establish the causal relationships among inulin, M. funiformis, and MAFLD, and suggest that M. funiformis CML154 is a probiotic candidate for preventative or therapeutic intervention of MAFLD.
Topics: Animals; Female; Mice; Propionates; Inulin; Chickens; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
PubMed: 37925493
DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00451-y -
BMB Reports May 2024The gut microbiota, an intricate community of bacteria residing in the gastrointestinal system, assumes a pivotal role in various physiological processes. Beyond its... (Review)
Review
The gut microbiota, an intricate community of bacteria residing in the gastrointestinal system, assumes a pivotal role in various physiological processes. Beyond its function in food breakdown and nutrient absorption, gut microbiota exerts a profound influence on immune and metabolic modulation by producing diverse gut microbiota-generated metabolites (GMGMs). These small molecules hold potential to impact host health via multiple pathways, which exhibit remarkable diversity, and have gained increasing attention in recent studies. Here, we elucidate the intricate implications and significant impacts of four specific metabolites, Urolithin A (UA), equol, Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and imidazole propionate, in shaping human health. Meanwhile, we also look into the advanced research on GMGMs, which demonstrate promising curative effects and hold great potential for further clinical therapies. Notably, the emergence of positive outcomes from clinical trials involving GMGMs, typified by UA, emphasizes their promising prospects in the pursuit of improved health and longevity. Collectively, the multifaceted impacts of GMGMs present intriguing avenues for future research and therapeutic interventions. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(5): 207-215].
Topics: Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Aging; Methylamines; Equol; Coumarins; Imidazoles; Propionates; Animals
PubMed: 38627947
DOI: 10.5483/BMBRep.2024-0022 -
European Heart Journal Feb 2022
Topics: Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Propionates
PubMed: 34686871
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab723 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Jan 2022A growing body of documents shows microbiota produce metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as crucial executors of diet-based microbial influence the host... (Review)
Review
A growing body of documents shows microbiota produce metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as crucial executors of diet-based microbial influence the host and bacterial pathogens. The production of SCFAs depends on the metabolic activity of intestinal microflora and is also affected by dietary changes. SCFAs play important roles in maintaining colonic health as an energy source, as a regulator of gene expression and cell differentiation, and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Additionally, the regulated expression of virulence genes is critical for successful infection by an intestinal pathogen. Bacteria rely on sensing environmental signals to find preferable niches and reach the infectious state. This review will present data supporting the diverse functional roles of microbiota-derived butyrate, propionate, and acetate on host cellular activities such as immune modulation, energy metabolism, nervous system, inflammation, cellular differentiation, and anti-tumor effects, among others. On the other hand, we will discuss and summarize data about the role of these SCFAs on the virulence factor of bacterial pathogens. In this regard, receptors and signaling routes for SCFAs metabolites in host and pathogens will be introduced.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Bacteria; Butyrates; Diet; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Propionates
PubMed: 34840032
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112352 -
Nutrients Mar 2023Synbiotic 2000, a pre + probiotic, reduced comorbid autistic traits and emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients. Immune... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Synbiotic 2000, a pre + probiotic, reduced comorbid autistic traits and emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients. Immune activity and bacteria-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are microbiota-gut-brain axis mediators. The aim was to investigate Synbiotic 2000 effects on plasma levels of immune activity markers and SCFAs in children and adults with ADHD. ADHD patients (n = 182) completed the 9-week intervention with Synbiotic 2000 or placebo and 156 provided blood samples. Healthy adult controls (n = 57) provided baseline samples. At baseline, adults with ADHD had higher pro-inflammatory sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 and lower SCFA levels than controls. Children with ADHD had higher baseline sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-2Rα, and lower formic, acetic, and propionic acid levels than adults with ADHD. sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and propionic acid levels were more abnormal in children on medication. Synbiotic 2000, compared to placebo, reduced IL-12/IL-23p40 and sICAM-1 and increased propionic acid levels in children on medication. SCFAs correlated negatively with sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1. Preliminary human aortic smooth-muscle-cell experiments indicated that SCFAs protected against IL-1β-induced ICAM-1 expression. These findings suggest that treatment with Synbiotic 2000 reduces IL12/IL-23p40 and sICAM-1 and increases propionic acid levels in children with ADHD. Propionic acid, together with formic and acetic acid, may contribute to the lowering of the higher-than-normal sICAM-1 levels.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Child; Propionates; Synbiotics; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Biomarkers; Interleukin-12
PubMed: 36904292
DOI: 10.3390/nu15051293 -
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology... Aug 2022Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition characterized by persistent symptoms and complications resulting from reflux of gastric contents into the...
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition characterized by persistent symptoms and complications resulting from reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are fermentation products of dietary fibres by the gut microbiota and are often studied for their anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. The presence of SCFAs in the upper gastrointestinal tract, including in patients with GERD, has not been previously studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the concentrations of SCFAs in the saliva of different age groups of patients with GERD. The study included 86 patients diagnosed with GERD, divided into two groups according to age: under and over 60 years of age, treated in the Gastroenterology and Hepatology Outpatient Clinic of the University Hospital in Cracow and 39 patients without gastrointestinal tract diseases. After clinical examination, blood was drawn to determine complete blood count, haemoglobin, and CRP. The oral cavity was examined, and unstimulated mixed saliva was collected. The SCFAs analysis was made by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after facile derivatization coupled with liquid-liquid extraction. Of the six SCAFs studied, the highest median concentrations of acetic acid and propionic acid were observed in the saliva of patients with GERD and in the control group, in both the younger and older groups of patients. The concentrations of acetic acid and propionic acid were also higher compared with the four other fatty acids in the saliva of patients with GERD and in the control subjects. There were no correlations between salivary SCFAs levels and selected clinical and endoscopic parameters, including chronic inflammatory changes of the esophagus and stomach. In conclusions: SCFAs are present in the saliva of patients with GERD and in the control healthy persons. With the exception of valeric and isovaleric acids, salivary levels of SCFAs were significantly higher in patients with GERD compared to the control group. The highest concentrations of acetic acid and propionic acid were observed in patients with GERD and in both the younger and older patient groups. There were no differences in the concentrations of SCFAs in the saliva of female and male groups. We found no correlations between salivary SCFAs levels and selected clinical, laboratory and endoscopic changes of the oesophagus and stomach.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Middle Aged; Aged; Propionates; Saliva; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Acetic Acid
PubMed: 36696242
DOI: 10.26402/jpp.2022.4.05 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Mar 2018Propionate is an abundant catabolite in nature and represents a rich potential source of carbon for the organisms that can utilize it. However, propionate and... (Review)
Review
Propionate is an abundant catabolite in nature and represents a rich potential source of carbon for the organisms that can utilize it. However, propionate and propionate-derived catabolites are also toxic to cells, so propionate catabolism can alternatively be viewed as a detoxification mechanism. In this review, we summarize recent progress made in understanding how prokaryotes catabolize propionic acid, how these pathways are regulated and how they might be exploited to develop novel antibacterial interventions.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Proteins; Citrates; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Operon; Propionates; Virulence
PubMed: 29458664
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000604