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Scientific Reports Sep 2022Trichomonas vaginalis infection is one of the most widespread sexually transmitted infections in the world. There are approximately 276 million cases worldwide. Most men...
Trichomonas vaginalis infection is one of the most widespread sexually transmitted infections in the world. There are approximately 276 million cases worldwide. Most men remain undiagnosed and untreated because they are asymptomatic. The chronic inflammation induced by persistent infection may increase the risk of developing genitourinary cancers. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between trichomoniasis and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer (PCa), and bladder cancer (BC) in Taiwan. We designed a case-control study by using the database of the National Health Insurance program in Taiwan. We used the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision classifications to classify all the medical conditions in the case and control groups. All odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression to adjust for all comorbidities and variables. From 2000 to 2015, we enrolled a total of 62,544 individuals as the case group and 187,632 as the control group. Trichomoniasis exposure had a significant association with BPH and PCa (adjusted OR: BPH = 2.685, 95% CI = 1.233-4.286, P = 0.013; PCa = 5.801, 95% CI = 1.296-26.035, P = 0.016). The relative risk was much higher if patients had both trichomoniasis and depression (adjusted OR = 7.682, 95% CI = 5.730-9.451, P < 0.001). Men with trichomoniasis had a significantly higher risk of developing BPH and PCa than those without. Healthcare professionals should not only pay more attention to disease treatment, but also to public health education.
Topics: Case-Control Studies; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Trichomonas Infections; Urinary Bladder Diseases
PubMed: 36100630
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19561-2 -
JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics Sep 2021This study examined changes in prostate disease screening (prostatic-specific antigen [PSA] testing), prostate biopsy testing, and prostate cancer diagnoses during the...
PURPOSE
This study examined changes in prostate disease screening (prostatic-specific antigen [PSA] testing), prostate biopsy testing, and prostate cancer diagnoses during the COVID-19 pandemic through December 2020.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This analysis included test results from men ≥ 40 years, without prior International Classification of Diseases-10 record of prostate cancer since January 2016, who received PSA or prostate biopsy testing at Quest Diagnostics during January 2018-December 2020. Monthly trends were evaluated for three periods: prepandemic (January 2018-February 2020), early-pandemic (March-May 2020), and late-pandemic (June-December 2020).
RESULTS
Meeting inclusion criteria were 16,365,833 PSA and 48,819 prostate biopsy results. The average monthly number of PSA tests declined from 465,187 prepandemic to 295,786 early-pandemic (36.4% decrease; = .01) before rebounding to 483,374 (3.9% increase; = .23) late-pandemic. The monthly average number of PSA results ≥ 50 ng/mL (23,356; 0.14% of all PSA results) dipped from 659 prepandemic to 506 early-pandemic (23.2% decrease; = .02) and rebounded to 674 late-pandemic (2.3% increase; = .65). The average monthly number of prostate biopsy results decreased from 1,453 prepandemic to 903 early-pandemic (37.9% decrease; = .01) before rebounding to 1,190 late-pandemic (18.1% decrease; = .01). The average monthly number for Gleason score ≥ 8 (6,241; 12.8% of all prostate biopsies) declined from 182 prepandemic to 130 early-pandemic (28.6% decrease; = .02) and decreased to 161 late-pandemic (11.5% decrease; = .02).
CONCLUSION
The findings suggest that a substantial number of prostate screening opportunities and cancer diagnoses have been missed. Efforts are needed to bring such patients back for screening and diagnostic testing and to restore appropriate care for non-COVID-19-related medical conditions.
Topics: Biopsy; COVID-19; Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Male; Pandemics; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 34648367
DOI: 10.1200/CCI.21.00074 -
Reviews on Environmental Health Jun 2021All men, almost, suffer from prostatic disorders in average life expectancy. In the year of 1950s, the first autopsy of prostate gland discovered the link between Benign... (Review)
Review
All men, almost, suffer from prostatic disorders in average life expectancy. In the year of 1950s, the first autopsy of prostate gland discovered the link between Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and Prostate Cancer (PCa). After that, many histology, biochemistry, epidemiology studies explained the association and associated risk factor for the same. From the various scientific evidence, it is proved that both diseases share some common transcription factors and signalling pathways. Still, BPH cannot be considered as the first step of PCa progression. To define, the relationship between both of the diseases, a well-defined large epidemiological study is needed. Along with androgen signalling, imbalanced apoptosis, oxidative stress, and microbial infection also crucial factors that significantly affect the pathogenesis of BPH. Various signalling pathways are involved in the progression of BPH. Androgen signalling is the driving force for the progress of PCa. In PCa androgen signalling is upregulated as compared to a healthy prostate. Some dominant Androgen-regulated genes and their functions have been discussed in this work.
Topics: Humans; Male; Oxidative Stress; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Risk Factors
PubMed: 32960781
DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0051 -
Urologia Jul 2018Antibiotic prophylaxis in urological procedures Thousands of patients receive every day an antibiotic prophylaxis before diagnostic or therapeutic urological procedures.... (Review)
Review
Antibiotic prophylaxis in urological procedures Thousands of patients receive every day an antibiotic prophylaxis before diagnostic or therapeutic urological procedures. Aim of antibiotic prophylaxis is to reduce the risk of infective complications, unfortunately good quality evidences for the best choice of prophylaxis strategy are often lacking. Nowadays antimicrobial resistance is a major health problem caused primarily by overuse of antibiotics. It is the responsibility of all physicians to practice antibiotic stewardship avoiding the unnecessary use of this precious drugs. Given the previous consideration prophylaxis should be chosen on the base of the best evidences, if evidences are lacking prophylaxis should be tailored on the base of each patient individual features and risk factor for infection complications. This narrative review of antibiotic prophylaxis in urological procedure resumes the principle to follow for the correct management of antibiotic prophylaxis in urological procedure.
Topics: Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Bacterial Infections; Humans; Postoperative Complications; Risk Factors; Urologic Surgical Procedures
PubMed: 30081775
DOI: 10.1177/0391560318770098 -
BMJ Clinical Evidence Aug 2015Chronic prostatitis can cause pain and urinary symptoms, and can occur either with an active infection (chronic bacterial prostatitis [CBP]) or with only pain and no... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Chronic prostatitis can cause pain and urinary symptoms, and can occur either with an active infection (chronic bacterial prostatitis [CBP]) or with only pain and no evidence of bacterial causation (chronic pelvic pain syndrome [CPPS]). Bacterial prostatitis is characterised by recurrent urinary tract infections or infection in the prostate with the same bacterial strain, which often results from urinary tract instrumentation. However, the cause and natural history of CPPS are unknown and not associated with active infection.
METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic overview and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of treatments for chronic bacterial prostatitis? What are the effects of treatments for chronic pelvic pain syndrome? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to February 2014 (Clinical Evidence overviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this overview).
RESULTS
At this update, searching of electronic databases retrieved 131 studies. After deduplication and removal of conference abstracts, 67 records were screened for inclusion in the overview. Appraisal of titles and abstracts led to the exclusion of 51 studies and the further review of 16 full publications. Of the 16 full articles evaluated, three systematic reviews and one RCT were included at this update. We performed a GRADE evaluation for 14 PICO combinations.
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic overview, we categorised the efficacy for 12 interventions based on information relating to the effectiveness and safety of 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors, allopurinol, alpha-blockers, local injections of antimicrobial drugs, mepartricin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), oral antimicrobial drugs, pentosan polysulfate, quercetin, sitz baths, transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT), and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).
Topics: Humans; Male; Prostatitis
PubMed: 26313612
DOI: No ID Found -
Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases Sep 2020Prostate cancer patients' management demands prioritization, adjustments, and a tailored approach during the unprecedented SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Benefit of care from... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer patients' management demands prioritization, adjustments, and a tailored approach during the unprecedented SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Benefit of care from treatment must be carefully weighed against the potential of infection and morbidity from COVID-19. Furthermore, urologists need to be cognizant of their obligation for wise consumption of restricted healthcare resources and protection of the safety of their coworkers. Nonurgent in-person clinic visits should be postponed or conducted remotely via phone or teleconference. Prostate cancer screening, imaging, and biopsies may be suspended in general. Treatment may be safely deferred in low and intermediate risk patients. Surgery may be delayed in most high-risk patients and neoadjuvant ADT is generally not advocated prior to surgery. Initiation of long-term ADT coupled with EBRT subsequent to the pandemic may be favored as a feasible alternative in high-risk and very high-risk disease. In patients with cN1 disease, treatment within 6 weeks is advocated. Presurgery assessment should include testing for COVID-19 and preferably a chest imaging. In the presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, surgery should be postponed whenever possible. All protective measurements suggested by national/international authorities must to be diligently followed during perioperative period. Strict precautions specific to laparoscopic/robotic surgery are required, considering the unproven but potential risk of aerosolization of SARS-CoV-2 virus and spillage with pneumoperitoneum. Regarding radiotherapy, shortest safe EBRT regimen should be favored and prophylactic whole pelvic RT and brachytherapy avoided. Chemotherapy should be avoided whenever possible.
Topics: Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Combined Modality Therapy; Coronavirus Infections; Disease Management; Early Detection of Cancer; Global Health; Humans; Male; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Prostatic Neoplasms; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 32690870
DOI: 10.1038/s41391-020-0258-7 -
Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira de... 2023
Topics: Male; Humans; Abscess; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Prostate; Liver; Klebsiella Infections
PubMed: 37493754
DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0262-2023 -
Physiological Research Dec 2021Recent molecular biology findings have shown that for the penetration of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus into host cells, a key role is played by protease serine 2, the... (Review)
Review
Recent molecular biology findings have shown that for the penetration of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus into host cells, a key role is played by protease serine 2, the activity of which is dependent on androgens. The important role of androgens is also evidenced by clinical observations that men in some age categories are infected by this novel coronavirus up to two times more frequently than women. In addition, men with androgenic alopecia tend to have more serious clinical courses, while men with androgen deprivation as a result of prostate cancer treatments tend to have milder courses. This is in line with the fact that preadolescent children are only rarely sickened with serious forms of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Even though these observations may be explained by other factors, many authors have hypothesized that lowered androgen levels and blocking their activity using anti-androgen medication may moderate the course of the viral infection in intermediately- to critically-affected cases. Clearly, it would be important for androgen deprivation to block not just gonadal androgens, but also adrenal androgens. On the other hand, low androgen levels are considered to be a risk factor for the course of SARS-CoV-2 infections, either because low androgen levels have a general effect on anabolic-catabolic equilibrium and energy metabolism, or because of the ability of testosterone to modify the immune system. It is not yet clear if infection with this novel coronavirus might induce hypogonadism, leading to undesirable side effects on male fertility.
Topics: Age Factors; Androgens; Animals; COVID-19; Female; Fertility; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Infertility, Male; Male; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; SARS-CoV-2; Sex Characteristics; Sex Factors
PubMed: 34913348
DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934724 -
Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Mar 2021Members of Coronaviridae family have been the source of respiratory illnesses. The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 that produced a severe lung disease in afflicted patients in... (Review)
Review
Members of Coronaviridae family have been the source of respiratory illnesses. The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 that produced a severe lung disease in afflicted patients in China and other countries was the reason for the incredible attention paid toward this viral infection. It is known that SARS-CoV-2 is dependent on TMPRSS2 activity for entrance and subsequent infection of the host cells and TMPRSS2 is a host cell molecule that is important for the spread of viruses such as coronaviruses. Different factors can increase the risk of prostate cancer, including older age, a family history of the disease. Androgen receptor (AR) initiates a transcriptional cascade which plays a serious role in both normal and malignant prostate tissues. TMPRSS2 protein is highly expressed in prostate secretory epithelial cells, and its expression is dependent on androgen signals. One of the molecular signs of prostate cancer is TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion. In TMPRSS2-ERG-positive prostate cancers different patterns of changed gene expression can be detected. The possible molecular relation between fusion positive prostate cancer patients and the increased risk of lethal respiratory viral infections especially SARS-CoV-2 can candidate TMPRSS2 as an attractive drug target. The studies show that some molecules such as nicotinamide, PARP1, ETS and IL-1R can be studied deeper in order to control SARS-CoV-2 infection especially in prostate cancer patients. This review attempts to investigate the possible relation between the gene expression pattern that is produced through TMPRSS2-ERG fusion positive prostate cancer and the possible influence of these fluctuations on the pathogenesis and development of viral infections such as SARS-CoV-2.
Topics: Aged; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; COVID-19; Dihydrotestosterone; Gene Expression Regulation; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Male; Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; Prostatic Neoplasms; Receptors, Androgen; SARS-CoV-2; Serine Endopeptidases; Signal Transduction; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; Transcription, Genetic; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 33301988
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104669 -
Radiographics : a Review Publication of... 2016Multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR) imaging combines anatomic and functional imaging techniques for evaluating the prostate and is increasingly being used in... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR) imaging combines anatomic and functional imaging techniques for evaluating the prostate and is increasingly being used in diagnosis and management of prostate cancer. A wide spectrum of anatomic and pathologic processes in the prostate may masquerade as prostate cancer, complicating the imaging interpretation. The histopathologic and imaging findings of these potential mimics are reviewed. These entities include the anterior fibromuscular stroma, surgical capsule, central zone, periprostatic vein, periprostatic lymph nodes, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), atrophy, necrosis, calcification, hemorrhage, and prostatitis. An understanding of the prostate zonal anatomy is helpful in distinguishing the anatomic entities from prostate cancer. The anterior fibromuscular stroma, surgical capsule, and central zone are characteristic anatomic features of the prostate with associated low T2 signal intensity due to dense fibromuscular tissue or complex crowded glandular tissue. BPH, atrophy, necrosis, calcification, and hemorrhage all have characteristic features with one or more individual multiparametric MR imaging modalities. Prostatitis constitutes a heterogeneous group of infective and inflammatory conditions including acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis, infective and noninfective granulomatous prostatitis, and malacoplakia. These entities are associated with variable clinical manifestations and are characterized by the histologic hallmark of marked inflammatory cellular infiltration. In some cases, these entities are indistinguishable from prostate cancer at multiparametric MR imaging and may even exhibit extraprostatic extension and lymphadenopathy, mimicking locally advanced prostate cancer. It is important for the radiologists interpreting prostate MR images to be aware of these pitfalls for accurate interpretation. Online supplemental material is available for this article.
Topics: Atrophy; Calcinosis; Humans; Image Enhancement; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Pathology; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Statistics as Topic
PubMed: 26587887
DOI: 10.1148/rg.2016150030