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Nutrients Dec 2017The widespread use of bariatric surgery for the treatment of morbid obesity has led to a dramatic increase in the numbers of women who become pregnant post-surgery. This... (Review)
Review
The widespread use of bariatric surgery for the treatment of morbid obesity has led to a dramatic increase in the numbers of women who become pregnant post-surgery. This can present new challenges, including a higher risk of protein and calorie malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies in pregnancy due to increased maternal and fetal demand. We undertook a focused, narrative review of the literature and present pragmatic recommendations. It is advisable to delay pregnancy for at least 12 months following bariatric surgery. Comprehensive pre-conception and antenatal care is essential to achieving the best outcomes. Nutrition in pregnancy following bariatric surgery requires specialist monitoring and management. A multidisciplinary approach to care is desirable with close monitoring for deficiencies at each trimester.
Topics: Bariatric Surgery; Diet; Female; Humans; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Outcome; Protein-Energy Malnutrition
PubMed: 29292743
DOI: 10.3390/nu9121338 -
Hormones (Athens, Greece) Jul 2016Adiponectin (ADPN) is an adipokine with significant anti-inflammatory, insulin-sensitizing and anti-atherogenic properties, which is generally associated with a... (Review)
Review
Adiponectin (ADPN) is an adipokine with significant anti-inflammatory, insulin-sensitizing and anti-atherogenic properties, which is generally associated with a beneficial cardiometabolic profile. Paradoxically, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is characterized by markedly increased plasma ADPN levels and increased cardiovascular risk. In spite of the cardioprotective properties attributed to adiponectin, cardiovascular complications remain the main cause of mortality in the ESRD population. Furthermore, these patients have enhanced chronic inflammation, increased insulin resistance and persistent protein-energy wasting. Studies of the impact of ADPN on clinical outcomes among ESRD patients have so far yielded contradictory results. This review article summarizes the current knowledge on ADPN functions and explores the role of ADPN in ESRD patients, with specific focus on inflammation, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease and wasting.
Topics: Adiponectin; Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Inflammation; Insulin Resistance; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Prognosis; Protein-Energy Malnutrition; Receptors, Adiponectin; Risk Factors; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 27838604
DOI: 10.14310/horm.2002.1698 -
The Journal of Nutrition Jul 2017The connection between the production, availability, and consumption of high-quality food is becoming very important in developing countries. The requirement of protein... (Review)
Review
The connection between the production, availability, and consumption of high-quality food is becoming very important in developing countries. The requirement of protein is linked to its quality, or its digestibility and ability to meet human indispensable amino acid requirements. This requirement is particularly relevant in India, where commonly consumed cereal-based diets and cereal-based food subsidy programs offer low-quality protein and therefore pose a risk of quality protein deficiency. The production of and access to sustainable sources of high-quality protein will be important parts of mitigating risks to human health. Although milk production has risen in India, its consumption by the poor remains low. On the other hand, leguminous grain production, which has greater climate resilience and soil improvement properties, has fallen, yet this can help resource-poor farmers increase their intake of quality food. Nonetheless, concerns about the nutritional quality of plant protein exist and may be more relevant in settings where environmental enteric dysfunction already affects nutrient absorption. With the use of nationally representative household protein consumption data in India, the percentage of the population at risk of quality protein deficiency was found to vary between 4% and 26% among different age groups and between the urban or rural sector. Mitigating these risks requires a greater intake of high-quality proteins, such as pulses and milk, and that food subsidy policies move beyond cereals and become more quality conscious.
Topics: Agriculture; Dietary Proteins; Health Status; Humans; India; Nutritional Status; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 28515162
DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.243980 -
Metabolic Brain Disease Apr 2023Malnutrition and low dietary protein intake could be risk factors for developing peripheral and central hyperammonemia, especially in pediatrics. Both curcumin and...
Malnutrition and low dietary protein intake could be risk factors for developing peripheral and central hyperammonemia, especially in pediatrics. Both curcumin and resveratrol proved to be effective against several hepatic and cerebral injuries. They were reported to be beneficial in lowering circulating ammonia levels, yet both are known for their low bioavailability. The use of pharmaceutical nano-formulations as delivery systems for these two nutraceuticals could solve the aforementioned problem. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the valuable outcome of using a combination of curcumin and resveratrol in a nanoemulsion formulation, to counteract protein-deficient diet (PDD)-induced hyperammonemia and the consequent complications in male albino rats. Results revealed that using a nanoemulsion containing both curcumin and resveratrol at a dose of (5 + 5 mg/kg) effectively reduced hepatic and brain ammonia levels, serum ALT and AST levels, hepatic and brain nitric oxide levels, oxidative DNA damage as well as disrupted cellular energy performance. In addition, there was a substantial increase in brain levels of monoamines, and a decrease in glutamate content. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of combined curcumin and resveratrol nanoemulsion is an effective means of ameliorating the hepatic and cerebral adverse effects resulting from PDD-induced hyperammonemia in rats.
Topics: Child; Humans; Male; Ammonia; Curcumin; Dietary Proteins; Hyperammonemia; Resveratrol; Animals; Rats
PubMed: 36696035
DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01162-1 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta May 2016Peroxisomes contain numerous enzymatic activities that are important for mammalian physiology. Patients lacking either all peroxisomal functions or a single enzyme or... (Review)
Review
Peroxisomes contain numerous enzymatic activities that are important for mammalian physiology. Patients lacking either all peroxisomal functions or a single enzyme or transporter function typically develop severe neurological deficits, which originate from aberrant development of the brain, demyelination and loss of axonal integrity, neuroinflammation or other neurodegenerative processes. Whilst correlating peroxisomal properties with a compilation of pathologies observed in human patients and mouse models lacking all or individual peroxisomal functions, we discuss the importance of peroxisomal metabolites and tissue- and cell type-specific contributions to the observed brain pathologies. This enables us to deconstruct the local and systemic contribution of individual metabolic pathways to specific brain functions. We also review the recently discovered variability of pathological symptoms in cases with unexpectedly mild presentation of peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Finally, we explore the emerging evidence linking peroxisomes to more common neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, autism and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Topics: ATPases Associated with Diverse Cellular Activities; Animals; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Membrane Proteins; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Mice; Mutation; Peroxisomal Disorders; Peroxisomes; Protein Isoforms; Protein Transport; Synaptic Transmission
PubMed: 26686055
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.12.005 -
Gastroenterology Clinics of North... Dec 2018The volume of research into the pathogenesis and treatment of malnutrition has increased markedly over the past ten years, providing mechanistic insights that can be... (Review)
Review
The volume of research into the pathogenesis and treatment of malnutrition has increased markedly over the past ten years, providing mechanistic insights that can be leveraged into more effective treatment options. These discoveries have been driven by several landmark studies employing metabolomics, metagenomics, and new preclinical models. This review highlights some of the most important recent findings, focusing in particular on the emerging roles of prenatal and perinatal factors, protein deficiency, impaired gut barrier function, immune deficiency, and the intestinal microbiome.
Topics: Humans; Malnutrition
PubMed: 30337034
DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2018.07.007 -
Nutrients Oct 2022Oral health is vital to general health and well-being for all ages, and as with other chronic conditions, oral health problems increase with age. There is a... (Review)
Review
Oral health is vital to general health and well-being for all ages, and as with other chronic conditions, oral health problems increase with age. There is a bi-directional link between nutrition and oral health, in that nutrition affects the health of oral tissues and saliva, and the health of the mouth may affect the foods consumed. Evidence suggests that a healthy diet generally has a positive impact on oral health in older adults. Although studies examining the direct link between oral health and protein intake in older adults are limited, some have explored the relationship via malnutrition, which is also prevalent among older adults. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) may be associated with poor oral health, dental caries, enamel hypoplasia, and salivary gland atrophy. This narrative review presents the theoretical evidence on the impact of dietary protein and amino acid composition on oral health, and their combined impact on overall health in older adults.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Oral Health; Dental Caries; Protein-Energy Malnutrition; Nutritional Status; Dietary Proteins
PubMed: 36364741
DOI: 10.3390/nu14214478 -
Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2016From the 1950s to the mid-1970s, United Nations (UN) agencies were focused on protein malnutrition as the major worldwide nutritional problem. The goal of this review is... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
From the 1950s to the mid-1970s, United Nations (UN) agencies were focused on protein malnutrition as the major worldwide nutritional problem. The goal of this review is to examine this era of protein malnutrition, the reasons for its demise, and the aftermath.
SUMMARY
The UN Protein Advisory Group was established in 1955. International conferences were largely concerned about protein malnutrition in children. By the early 1970s, UN agencies were ringing the alarm about a 'protein gap'. In The Lancet in 1974, Donald McLaren branded these efforts as 'The Great Protein Fiasco', declaring that the 'protein gap' was a fallacy. The following year, John Waterlow, the scientist who led most of the efforts on protein malnutrition, admitted that a 'protein gap' did not exist and that young children in developing countries only needed sufficient energy intake. The emphasis on protein malnutrition waned. It is recently apparent that quality protein and essential amino acids are missing in the diet and may have adverse consequences for child growth and the reduction of child stunting. Key Messages: It may be time to re-include protein and return protein malnutrition in the global health agenda using a balanced approach that includes all protective nutrients.
Topics: Adult; Amino Acids, Essential; Child; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Developing Countries; Diet, Healthy; Diet, Protein-Restricted; Female; Global Health; Health Transition; Humans; Infant; Kwashiorkor; Male; Malnutrition; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritional Requirements; Pregnancy; Protein-Energy Malnutrition; United Nations
PubMed: 27576545
DOI: 10.1159/000449175 -
Autophagy 2015We have recently shown that the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) incorporates the autophagic membrane label LC3B-II into mature virus particles. Upon EBV production, autophagic... (Review)
Review
We have recently shown that the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) incorporates the autophagic membrane label LC3B-II into mature virus particles. Upon EBV production, autophagic membranes are stabilized and infectious viral particle production is dependent on these, because ATG protein-deficiency dampens, whereas rapamycin induces, infectious particle production. Moreover, viral DNA accumulates in the cytosol when macroautophagy is impaired. We therefore conclude that EBV needs autophagic membranes for efficient enveloping during infectious viral particle production. Here, we discuss how EBV might incorporate lipidated LC3B (LC3B-II) into the viral envelope and how other viruses as well as cellular processes customize the macroautophagy machinery for exocytosis in the context of unconventional secretion.
Topics: Autophagy; Cell Membrane; DNA, Viral; Exocytosis; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Virus Replication
PubMed: 25701081
DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1009793 -
Annals of Palliative Medicine Jan 2019The treatment of cancer cachexia remains an unmet medical need. One of the barriers to the development and approval of effective interventions has been the lack of... (Review)
Review
The treatment of cancer cachexia remains an unmet medical need. One of the barriers to the development and approval of effective interventions has been the lack of agreement on the proper endpoints for study. The international consensus definition of cancer cachexia focuses on 3 major components of the syndrome. This includes altered body composition characterized specifically by loss of skeletal muscle mass. The muscle loss in turn is a result of negative protein and energy balance secondary to reduced food intake and abnormal metabolism. The result of muscle loss is progressive functional impairment. The assessment of interventions for cancer cachexia should include measures of all 3 components of cancer cachexia. For patients with cancer cachexia, body composition measurements of lean body mass (LBM) and fat mass may be best determined by CT imaging. Nutritional endpoints and measures of metabolism can be quite complex. However, change in appetite and body weight remain extremely useful measures of clinical benefit. The most controversial area relates to assessment of physical function. While stair climb power, 6-minute walk, hand grip strength and other measures have been used in clinical trials, none of them have shown consistent benefit that correlates with change in LBM. While we have much to learn about the inter-relationship between muscle mass and muscle function, improvement in physical function may be best measured by patient reported outcomes. Ongoing and future clinical trials in cancer cachexia should assess all 3 domains, which will improve our understanding of this syndrome and ultimately lead to better treatment options for our patients.
Topics: Anorexia; Body Composition; Cachexia; Humans; Neoplasms; Protein-Energy Malnutrition; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30685983
DOI: 10.21037/apm.2018.12.08