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Gastroenterology Jan 2021Proteus spp, Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacilli, have recently been associated with Crohn's disease (CD) recurrence after intestinal resection. We investigated...
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Proteus spp, Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacilli, have recently been associated with Crohn's disease (CD) recurrence after intestinal resection. We investigated the genomic and functional role of Proteus as a gut pathogen in CD.
METHODS
Proteus spp abundance was assessed by ure gene-specific polymerase chain in 54 pairs of fecal samples and 101 intestinal biopsies from patients with CD and healthy controls. The adherence, invasion, and intracellular presence of 2 distinct isolates of Proteus mirabilis in epithelial cells were evaluated using immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Intracellular gene expression profiles and regulated pathways were analyzed by RNA sequencing and KEGG pathway analysis. Biologic functions of 2 isolates of P mirabilis were determined by in vitro cell culture, and in vivo using conventional mice and germ-free mice.
RESULTS
Proteus spp were significantly more prevalent and abundant in fecal samples and colonic tissue of patients with CD than controls. A greater abundance of the genus Fusobacterium and a lesser abundance of the genus Faecalibacterium were seen in patients with CD with a high Proteus spp abundance. All 24 Proteus monoclones isolated from patients with CD belonged to members of P mirabilis lineages and 2 isolates, recovered from stool or mucosa, were used in further studies. Mice gavaged with either P mirabilis strain had more severe colonic inflammation. Co-culture of the isolates with epithelial cell lines showed bacterial adherence, invasion, increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-18 and IL-1α, and cell necrosis. Both isolates induced key pro-inflammatory pathways, including NOD-like receptor signaling, Jak-STAT signaling, and MAPK signaling, and induced pro-inflammatory genes and activated inflammation-related pathways in gnotobiotic mice.
CONCLUSIONS
P mirabilis in the gut is associated with CD and can induce inflammation in cells and animal models of colitis. P mirabilis can act as a pathobiont and play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of CD.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Adhesion; Cell Culture Techniques; Crohn Disease; Disease Models, Animal; Epithelial Cells; Feces; Female; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Proteus mirabilis
PubMed: 33011176
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.036 -
MBio Oct 2019Swarmer cells of the Gram-negative uropathogenic bacteria and become long (>10 to 100 μm) and multinucleate during their growth and motility on polymer surfaces. We...
Swarmer cells of the Gram-negative uropathogenic bacteria and become long (>10 to 100 μm) and multinucleate during their growth and motility on polymer surfaces. We demonstrated that the increasing cell length is accompanied by a large increase in flexibility. Using a microfluidic assay to measure single-cell mechanics, we identified large differences in the swarmer cell stiffness (bending rigidity) of (5.5 × 10 N m) and (1.0 × 10 N m) compared to vegetative cells (1.4 × 10 N m and 2.2 × 10 N m, respectively). The reduction in bending rigidity (∼2-fold to ∼26-fold) was accompanied by a decrease in the average polysaccharide strand length of the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall from 28 to 30 disaccharides to 19 to 22 disaccharides. Atomic force microscopy revealed a reduction in peptidoglycan thickness from 1.5 nm (vegetative cells) to 1.0 nm (swarmer cells), and electron cryotomography indicated changes in swarmer cell wall morphology. and swarmer cells became increasingly sensitive to osmotic pressure and susceptible to cell wall-modifying antibiotics (compared to vegetative cells)-they were ∼30% more likely to die after 3 h of treatment with MICs of the β-lactams cephalexin and penicillin G. The adaptive cost of "swarming" was offset by the increase in cell susceptibility to physical and chemical changes in their environment, thereby suggesting the development of new chemotherapies for bacteria that leverage swarming for the colonization of hosts and for survival. and are bacteria that infect humans. To adapt to environmental changes, these bacteria alter their cell morphology and move collectively to access new sources of nutrients in a process referred to as "swarming." We found that changes in the composition and thickness of the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall make swarmer cells of and more flexible (i.e., reduce cell stiffness) and that they become more sensitive to osmotic pressure and cell wall-targeting antibiotics (e.g., β-lactams). These results highlight the importance of assessing the extracellular environment in determining antibiotic doses and the use of β-lactam antibiotics for treating infections caused by swarmer cells of and .
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chemical Phenomena; Locomotion; Mechanical Phenomena; Microbial Viability; Microfluidics; Osmotic Pressure; Peptidoglycan; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Proteus mirabilis; Single-Cell Analysis; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; beta-Lactams
PubMed: 31594808
DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00210-19 -
Journal of the American Academy of... Feb 2021Proteus syndrome is an overgrowth disorder caused by a mosaic activating AKT1 variant. Hair abnormalities in Proteus syndrome have rarely been reported, and frequencies... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Proteus syndrome is an overgrowth disorder caused by a mosaic activating AKT1 variant. Hair abnormalities in Proteus syndrome have rarely been reported, and frequencies of such findings have not been elucidated.
OBJECTIVE
To define the types and frequencies of hair findings in individuals with Proteus syndrome.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted of individuals with clinical features of Proteus syndrome and a confirmed pathogenic variant in AKT1 evaluated between November 1996 and June 2019 at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center. Medical records were reviewed for patterning, density, and color of hair on the body and scalp.
RESULTS
Of 45 individuals evaluated, 29 (64%) had asymmetric hypertrichosis on the body. This included unilateral blaschkoid hypertrichotic patches overlying normal skin or epidermal nevi in 16 (36%), unilateral nonblaschkoid hypertrichotic patches in 11 (24%), and unilateral limb hypertrichosis in 10 (22%). Diffuse, scattered, or patchy changes in scalp hair density or color were present in 11 individuals (24%).
LIMITATIONS
The retrospective, observational design, and limited longitudinal follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS
Asymmetric variations in hair distribution, thickness, length, and color contribute to the overall mosaic appearance of the skin in Proteus syndrome, an observation that provides novel insights into the role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT) signaling in skin appendage development.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; DNA Mutational Analysis; Female; Hair Follicle; Humans; Hypertrichosis; Male; Mosaicism; Mutation; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Prevalence; Proteus Syndrome; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Retrospective Studies; Signal Transduction; Young Adult
PubMed: 32035943
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.01.078 -
Yonsei Medical Journal Nov 2017Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Proteus species are causative agents in a variety of opportunistic nosocomial infections, and their ability to form biofilms is known...
PURPOSE
Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Proteus species are causative agents in a variety of opportunistic nosocomial infections, and their ability to form biofilms is known to be a virulence factor. In this study, the influence of co-cultivation with Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris) and Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) on C. albicans biofilm formation and its underlying mechanisms were examined.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
XTT reduction assays were adopted to measure biofilm formation, and viable colony counts were performed to quantify yeast growth. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the expression of yeast-specific genes (rhd1 and rbe1), filament formation inhibiting genes (tup1 and nrg1), and hyphae-related genes (als3, ece1, hwp1, and sap5).
RESULTS
Candida biofilm formation was markedly inhibited by treatment with either living or heat-killed P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis. Proteus-cultured supernatant also inhibited Candida biofilm formation. Likewise, treatment with live P. vulgaris or P. mirabilis or with Proteus-cultured supernatant decreased expression of hyphae-related C. albicans genes, while the expression of yeast-specific genes and the filament formation inhibiting genes of C. albicans were increased. Heat-killed P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis treatment, however, did not affect the expression of C. albicans morphology-related genes.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that secretory products from P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis regulate the expression of genes related to morphologic changes in C. albicans such that transition from the yeast form to the hyphal form can be inhibited.
Topics: Biofilms; Candida albicans; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Hyphae; Microbial Interactions; Proteus mirabilis; Proteus vulgaris; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 29047237
DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2017.58.6.1135 -
Viruses Jun 2022is frequently associated with complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) and is the main cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Treatment of...
is frequently associated with complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) and is the main cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Treatment of such infections is complicated and challenging due to the biofilm forming abilities of . If neglected or mistreated, infections may lead to life-threating conditions such as cystitis, pyelonephritis, kidney failure, and bacteremia that may progress to urosepsis. Treatment with antibiotics, especially in cases of recurring and persistent infections, leads to the development of resistant strains. Recent insights into phage therapy and using phages to coat catheters have been evaluated with many studies showing promising results. Here, we describe a highly lytic bacteriophage, _virus_309 (41,740 bp), isolated from a wastewater treatment facility in Cape Town, South Africa. According to guidelines of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), bacteriophage 309 is a species within the genus . Similar to most members of the genus, bacteriophage 309 is strain-specific and lyse in less than 20 min.
Topics: Bacteriophages; Biofilms; Humans; Phage Therapy; Proteus mirabilis; South Africa; Urinary Tract Infections
PubMed: 35746779
DOI: 10.3390/v14061309 -
Polish Journal of Microbiology Sep 2020species are common opportunistic bacteria and foodborne pathogens. The proper detection of can effectively reduce the occurrence of food-borne public health events....
species are common opportunistic bacteria and foodborne pathogens. The proper detection of can effectively reduce the occurrence of food-borne public health events. and are the two most important pathogens in the genus. In this study, a dual TaqMan Real-Time PCR method was established to simultaneously detect and distinguish and in samples. The method exhibited good specificity, stability, and sensitivity. Specifically, the minimum detection concentrations of and in pure bacterial cultures were 6.08 × 10 colony forming units (CFU)/ml and 4.46 × 10 CFU/ml, respectively. Additionally, the minimum detectable number of and in meat and milk was 10 CFU/g. In addition, the method can be used to distinguish between strains of and within two hours. Overall, it is a sensitive, easy-to-use, and practical test for the identification and classification of in food.
Topics: Animals; DNA, Bacterial; Food Microbiology; Foodborne Diseases; Genes, Bacterial; Limit of Detection; Milk; Pork Meat; Proteus mirabilis; Proteus vulgaris; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 33574858
DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2020-032 -
Methods (San Diego, Calif.) Oct 2018The bacterial formation of trimethylamine (TMA) has been linked to cardiovascular disease. This review focuses on the methods employed to investigate the identity of the... (Review)
Review
The bacterial formation of trimethylamine (TMA) has been linked to cardiovascular disease. This review focuses on the methods employed to investigate the identity of the bacteria responsible for the formation of TMA from dietary choline and carnitine in the human gut. Recent studies have revealed the metabolic pathways responsible for bacterial TMA production, primarily the anaerobic glycyl radical-containing, choline-TMA lyase, CutC and the aerobic carnitine monooxygenase, CntA. Identification of these enzymes has enabled bioinformatics approaches to screen both human-associated bacterial isolate genomes and whole gut metagenomes to determine which bacteria are responsible for TMA formation in the human gut. We centre on several key methodological aspects for identifying the TMA-producing bacteria and report how these pathways can be identified in human gut microbiota through bioinformatics analysis of available bacterial genomes and gut metagenomes.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Computational Biology; Diet; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Methylamines; Proteus mirabilis
PubMed: 29684641
DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.03.012 -
Polish Journal of Microbiology 2018Proteus spp. is an etiological factor of urinary tract and bloodstream infections. The aim of this study was the retrospective analysis of susceptibility of Proteus spp....
Proteus spp. is an etiological factor of urinary tract and bloodstream infections. The aim of this study was the retrospective analysis of susceptibility of Proteus spp. strains isolated from bloodstream infections (BSIs) as well as similarity evaluation of the strains isolated from different clinical samples. Proteus spp. strains were isolated in 2009-2017 from hospital patients. Identification was based on the colony's morphology and biochemical or MALDI-TOF MS analyzes. The antibiotic susceptibility test was done using the diffusion method. Biofilm formation was evaluated with microplate method using TTC. Bacteremia caused by Proteus spp. was found in 97 patients, mainly secondary to urinary tract infection. Most of the strains were susceptible to piperacillin with tazobactam (95.9%) and amikacin (86.7%). Elderly patients have a higher risk of mortality after BSIs caused by Proteus spp. A detailed analysis was made for randomly chosen 26 strains isolated from 11 patients with Proteus mirabilis bacteremia. Using PFGE, we found that 10 (90.9%) isolates, collected from different clinical specimens of the same patient, were genetically identical. spp. is an etiological factor of urinary tract and bloodstream infections. The aim of this study was the retrospective analysis of susceptibility of spp. strains isolated from bloodstream infections (BSIs) as well as similarity evaluation of the strains isolated from different clinical samples. spp. strains were isolated in 2009–2017 from hospital patients. Identification was based on the colony’s morphology and biochemical or MALDI-TOF MS analyzes. The antibiotic susceptibility test was done using the diffusion method. Biofilm formation was evaluated with microplate method using TTC. Bacteremia caused by spp. was found in 97 patients, mainly secondary to urinary tract infection. Most of the strains were susceptible to piperacillin with tazobactam (95.9%) and amikacin (86.7%). Elderly patients have a higher risk of mortality after BSIs caused by spp. A detailed analysis was made for randomly chosen 26 strains isolated from 11 patients with bacteremia. Using PFGE, we found that 10 (90.9%) isolates, collected from different clinical specimens of the same patient, were genetically identical.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Biofilms; Child; Coinfection; DNA, Bacterial; Female; Hospitals; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Phenotype; Piperacillin; Poland; Proteus; Proteus Infections; Retrospective Studies; Tazobactam; Urinary Tract Infections; Young Adult
PubMed: 30550233
DOI: 10.21307/pjm-2018-055 -
International Journal of Clinical... 2022The study's objective was to determine susceptibility in individuals with urinary tract infections and stones to antibiotics and prescribe optimal antimicrobial...
BACKGROUND
The study's objective was to determine susceptibility in individuals with urinary tract infections and stones to antibiotics and prescribe optimal antimicrobial treatment.
METHODS
Nonrepetitive strains were isolated from urine specimens obtained from 317 patients diagnosed with urinary stones from January, 2018, to December, 2021. A VITEK mass spectrometer was used for species identification, and a VITEK-compact 2 automatic microbial system was used for the antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST). Susceptibility to imipenem and cefoperazone/sodium sulbactam was tested by the disc diffusion method (K-B method). The antibiotic sensitivity of the strains was analyzed by sex and season.
RESULTS
A total of 317 patients were reviewed: 202 females (63.7%) and 115 males (36.3%). infections were observed during spring (21.8%, = 69), summer (26.2%, = 83), autumn (33.8%, = 107), and winter (18.2%, = 57). infections in females were diagnosed most often during the fall (24.3%, = 77) and during the summer in males (11.0%, = 35) ( = 0.010). Female patients responded best to levofloxacin ( = 0.014), and male patients responded best to sulfamethoxazole ( = 0.023). Seasonal variation in antibiotic sensitivity was confirmed, with significantly higher rates in the winter for cefuroxime ( = 0.002) and sulfamethoxazole ( = 0.002). Significant seasonal increases were also found in levofloxacin sensitivity during the summer ( = 0.005).
CONCLUSIONS
Highly effective antibiotics such as cefoxitin and ceftazidime should be used empirically by considering antibiotic sensitivity changes by sex, season, and year. Regional studies should be conducted frequently.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Proteus mirabilis; Levofloxacin; Urinary Tract Infections; Proteus Infections; Anti-Infective Agents; Cefoperazone; Sulbactam; Sulfamethoxazole; Urinary Calculi; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 36628152
DOI: 10.1155/2022/7273627 -
BMC Microbiology Oct 2022Proteus mirabilis is an opportunistic pathogen, causing a variety of community-acquired and nosocomial illnesses. It poses a potential threat to patients via the...
BACKGROUND
Proteus mirabilis is an opportunistic pathogen, causing a variety of community-acquired and nosocomial illnesses. It poses a potential threat to patients via the production of β-lactamases, which decrease the efficacy of antimicrobial treatment and impair the management of its pathogenicity. Hence, this study was established to determine the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), AmpC, and carbapenemases of P. mirabilis isolated from various clinical specimens.
RESULTS
Proteus mirabilis was identified in 20.7% (58/280) of specimens. ESBL producers were present at a rate of 51.7% (30/58). All AmpC-positive isolates (n = 20) produced ESBLs as well, so 66.7% of ESBL-producing isolates coproduced AmpC enzymes. The modified Hodge test confirmed carbapenemase production in six out of seven imipenem nonsusceptible isolates. Of these, only two (5.7%) isolates were also ESBL-and AmpC-positive. Antibiotic resistance reached the highest level for cotrimoxazole (62.1%, n = 36/58 isolates) and the lowest for imipenem (12.1%, n = 7/58 isolates). The levels of multidrug-resistant (MDR) was 41.4% among the tested isolates. The bla (83.3%), bla (80%), and bla (50%) were the most detected genes in phenotypically confirmed ESBL-, AmpC-, and carbapenemase-producing isolates, respectively. Besides, more than a half of the tested P. mirabilis strains (53%) coproduced ESBLs and AmpC. Moreover, two isolates coproduced ESBLs and AmpC together with carbapenemases. Furthermore, dendrogram analysis showed great genetic divergence based on the 21 different enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) patterns (P1-P21) through the 34 β-lactamase producers. ERIC analysis distinguished clonal similarities between isolates 21 and 22 in P2 and 9 and 10 in P4, which were isolated from the same clinical source and possessed similar patterns of β-lactamase-encoding genes.
CONCLUSION
Hence, there is an urgent need to monitor hospitalized patients and improve healthcare in order to reduce the incidence of infection and outbreaks of infection with antibiotic-resistant Proteus.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Enterobacteriaceae; Humans; Imipenem; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Prevalence; Proteus mirabilis; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; beta-Lactamases
PubMed: 36221063
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02662-3