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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Mar 2021Do we have any valid reasons to affirm that non-human primates display economic behaviour in a sufficiently rich and precise sense of the phrase? To address this...
Do we have any valid reasons to affirm that non-human primates display economic behaviour in a sufficiently rich and precise sense of the phrase? To address this question, we have to develop a set of criteria to assess the vast array of experimental studies and field observations on individual cognitive and behavioural competences as well as the collective organization of non-human primates. We review a sample of these studies and assess how they answer to the following four main challenges. (i) Do we see any economic organization or institutions emerge among groups of non-human primates? (ii) Are the cognitive abilities, and often biases, that have been evidenced as underlying typical economic decision-making among humans, also present among non-human primates? (iii) Can we draw positive lessons from performance comparisons among primate species, humans and non-humans but also across non-human primate species, as elicited by canonical game-theoretical experimental paradigms, especially as far as economic cooperation and coordination are concerned? And (iv) in which way should we improve models and paradigms to obtain more ecological data and conclusions? Articles discussed in this paper most often bring about positive answers and promising perspectives to support the existence and prevalence of economic behaviours among non-human primates. This article is part of the theme issue 'Existence and prevalence of economic behaviours among non-human primates'.
Topics: Animals; Choice Behavior; Decision Making; Economics, Behavioral; Primates
PubMed: 33423625
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0676 -
BMC Psychology Jun 2016Modern psychology is apparently in crisis and the prevailing view is that this partly reflects an inability to replicate past findings. If a crisis does exists, then it...
Modern psychology is apparently in crisis and the prevailing view is that this partly reflects an inability to replicate past findings. If a crisis does exists, then it is some kind of 'chronic' crisis, as psychologists have been censuring themselves over replicability for decades. While the debate in psychology is not new, the lack of progress across the decades is disappointing. Recently though, we have seen a veritable surfeit of debate alongside multiple orchestrated and well-publicised replication initiatives. The spotlight is being shone on certain areas and although not everyone agrees on how we should interpret the outcomes, the debate is happening and impassioned. The issue of reproducibility occupies a central place in our whig history of psychology.
Topics: Humans; Psychology; Reproducibility of Results; Research
PubMed: 27251381
DOI: 10.1186/s40359-016-0135-2 -
American Journal of Pharmaceutical... Jun 2018To describe the psychological mechanisms that underlie biased self-assessment and suggest pedagogical techniques to counter them. Since the psychological mechanisms... (Review)
Review
To describe the psychological mechanisms that underlie biased self-assessment and suggest pedagogical techniques to counter them. Since the psychological mechanisms that underlie bias self-assessment occur below awareness, strategies that attempt to address bias directly are unlikely to succeed. A more effective approach may be to structure students' learning experiences in ways that prevent the unconscious biasing mechanisms from operating efficiently. Given the importance of accurate self-knowledge for professional students and clinicians, as well as its difficulty to attain, an understanding of the psychological mechanisms that contribute the most common forms of biased self-assessment is essential for creating and implementing effective mitigation strategies.
Topics: Awareness; Education, Pharmacy; Humans; Psychology, Social; Self-Assessment; Students, Medical; Students, Pharmacy
PubMed: 30013244
DOI: 10.5688/ajpe6299 -
Communications Biology Sep 2021There has been a fascination for centuries surrounding drivers of human behavior and the relationship between the ‘mind’ and the brain. However, there is an ongoing...
There has been a fascination for centuries surrounding drivers of human behavior and the relationship between the ‘mind’ and the brain. However, there is an ongoing disconnection between different research communities aiming to provide a mechanistic understanding about what underlies behavior, psychology and neuroscience. This comment outlines why this is a problem for scientific progress and replicability in brain sciences and considers how publishers can play a central role to help overcome the disconnect between, what should be, joint scientific communities.
Topics: Neurosciences; Psychology; Publishing
PubMed: 34535753
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02634-9 -
Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria (Sao... 2022
Topics: Education, Medical; Humans; Psychology, Medical
PubMed: 34730719
DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2021-2155 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Feb 2019Risk preference is one of the most important building blocks of choice theories in the behavioural sciences. In economics, it is often conceptualized as preferences... (Review)
Review
Risk preference is one of the most important building blocks of choice theories in the behavioural sciences. In economics, it is often conceptualized as preferences concerning the variance of monetary payoffs, whereas in psychology, risk preference is often thought to capture the propensity to engage in behaviour with the potential for loss or harm. Both concepts are associated with distinct measurement traditions: economics has traditionally relied on behavioural measures, while psychology has often relied on self-reports. We review three important gaps that have emerged from work stemming from these two measurement traditions: first, a description-experience gap which suggests that behavioural measures do not speak with one voice and can give very different views on an individual's appetite for risk; second, a behaviour-self-report gap which suggests that different self-report measures, but not behavioural measures, show a high degree of convergent validity; and, third, a temporal stability gap which suggests that self-reports, but not behavioural measures, show considerable temporal stability across periods of years. Risk preference, when measured through self-reports-but not behavioural tests-appears as a moderately stable psychological trait with both general and domain-specific components. We argue that future work needs to address the gaps that have emerged from the two measurement traditions and test their differential predictive validity for important economic, health and well-being outcomes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications'.
Topics: Humans; Psychology; Risk-Taking; Self Report
PubMed: 30966925
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0140 -
Health Psychology : Official Journal of... Sep 2019The increasing prevalence of multimorbidity in the United States and the rest of the world poses problems for patients and for health care providers, care systems, and...
The increasing prevalence of multimorbidity in the United States and the rest of the world poses problems for patients and for health care providers, care systems, and policy. After clarifying the difference between comorbidity and multimorbidity, this article describes the challenges that the prevalence of multimorbidity presents for well-being, prevention, and medical treatment. We submit that health psychology and behavioral medicine have an important role to play in meeting these challenges because of the holistic vision of health afforded by the foundational biopsychosocial model. Furthermore, opportunities abound for health psychology/behavioral medicine to study how biological, social and psychological factors influence multimorbidity. This article describes three major areas in which health psychologists can contribute to understanding and treatment of multimorbidity: (a) etiology; (b) prevention and self-management; and (c) clinical care. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Behavioral Medicine; Chronic Disease; Humans; Multimorbidity; Psychology
PubMed: 31436463
DOI: 10.1037/hea0000762 -
Pediatric Clinics of North America Oct 2022
Topics: Child; Humans; Psychology, Child; Specialization
PubMed: 36207109
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2022.08.005 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2022The strength of social relations has been shown to affect an individual's access to opportunities. To date, however, the correspondence between tie strength and...
The strength of social relations has been shown to affect an individual's access to opportunities. To date, however, the correspondence between tie strength and population's economic prospects has not been quantified, largely because of the inability to operationalise strength based on Granovetter's classic theory. Our work departed from the premise that tie strength is a unidimensional construct (typically operationalized with frequency or volume of contact), and used instead a validated model of ten fundamental dimensions of social relationships grounded in the literature of social psychology. We built state-of-the-art NLP tools to infer the presence of these dimensions from textual communication, and analyzed a large conversation network of 630K geo-referenced Reddit users across the entire US connected by 12.8M social ties created over the span of 7 years. We found that unidimensional tie strength is only weakly correlated with economic opportunities ([Formula: see text]), while multidimensional constructs are highly correlated ([Formula: see text]). In particular, economic opportunities are associated to the combination of: (i) knowledge ties, which bridge geographically distant groups, facilitating the knowledge dissemination across communities; and (ii) social support ties, which knit geographically close communities together, and represent dependable sources of social and emotional support. These results point to the importance of developing high-quality measures of tie strength in network theory.
Topics: Economic Development; Interpersonal Relations; Social Support; Psychology, Social; Social Networking
PubMed: 36543831
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26245-4 -
BioMed Research International 2015
Topics: Employment; Female; Humans; Male; Occupational Diseases; Occupational Health; Psychology; Stress, Psychological
PubMed: 26634211
DOI: 10.1155/2015/628749