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The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Jul 2015Cognitive symptoms are an emerging clinical focus in patients with major depressive disorder. Deficits in executive function, memory, attention, and processing speed, as... (Review)
Review
Cognitive symptoms are an emerging clinical focus in patients with major depressive disorder. Deficits in executive function, memory, attention, and processing speed, as well as negative cognitive bias, can contribute to low mood symptoms and reduced occupational and social functioning. Both patient reports and objective measures demonstrate that cognitive symptoms are common in patients with depression. Cognitive dysfunction may be present even before the first depressive episode and may remain after mood symptoms have remitted. Clinicians must assess cognitive symptoms in their patients with major depressive disorder, monitor symptoms throughout the course of the disorder and after remission, and understand how these symptoms affect daily function.
Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Cognition Disorders; Depressive Disorder, Major; Executive Function; Humans; Memory, Short-Term; Psychomotor Performance; Social Perception
PubMed: 26231021
DOI: 10.4088/JCP.13086tx4c -
Journal of the International Society of... 2017Recent studies have suggested that alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine (A-GPC) may be an effective ergogenic aid. The present study was designed to assess the efficacy of... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Recent studies have suggested that alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine (A-GPC) may be an effective ergogenic aid. The present study was designed to assess the efficacy of two doses of A-GPC in comparison to placebo and caffeine for increasing countermovement jump performance, isometric strength, and psychomotor function.
METHODS
Forty-eight healthy, college aged males volunteered for the present study and underwent baseline assessment of countermovement jump (CMJ), isometric mid thigh pull (IMTP), upper body isometric strength test (UBIST), and psychomotor vigilance (PVT). Following this assessment participants were randomly assigned to groups consisting of 500 mg A-GPC, 250 mg A-GPC, 200 mg Caffeine or Placebo taken daily. Blood samples were collected 1 h and 2 h post initial dose to quantify serum free choline and thyroid stimulating hormone then subjects returned after 7 days of supplementation to repeat CMJ, IMTP, UBIST and PVT.
RESULTS
No differences were noted between groups for IMTP, UBIST or PVT performance. Serum free choline was found to be elevated in the two A-GPC groups as compared to placebo (132% and 59% respectively). Serum TSH was found to be significantly depressed in the 500 mg A-GPC group compared to other treatments ( < 0.04). Group differences were noted for maximum velocity and maximum mechanical power on the CMJ ( < 0.05) with the 250 mg A-GPC group demonstrating the greatest improvements in result.
CONCLUSIONS
Based upon this evidence, and previous evidence regarding A-GPC, it should be considered as an emerging ergogenic supplement.
Topics: Athletic Performance; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method; Glycerylphosphorylcholine; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Isometric Contraction; Male; Muscle Strength; Psychomotor Performance; Reproducibility of Results; Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Young Adult
PubMed: 29042830
DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0196-5 -
Proceedings. Biological Sciences Apr 2022Repetition of specific movement biases subsequent actions towards the practiced movement, a phenomenon known as use-dependent learning (UDL). Recent experiments that...
Repetition of specific movement biases subsequent actions towards the practiced movement, a phenomenon known as use-dependent learning (UDL). Recent experiments that impose strict constraints on planning time have revealed two sources of use-dependent biases, one arising from dynamic changes occurring during motor planning and another reflecting a stable shift in motor execution. Here, we used a distributional analysis to examine the contribution of these biases in reaching. To create the conditions for UDL, the target appeared at a designated 'frequent' location on most trials, and at one of six 'rare' locations on other trials. Strikingly, the heading angles were bimodally distributed, with peaks at both frequent and rare target locations. Despite having no constraints on planning time, participants exhibited a robust bias towards the frequent target when movements were self-initiated quickly, the signature of a planning bias; notably, the peak near the rare target was shifted in the frequently practiced direction, the signature of an execution bias. Furthermore, these execution biases were not only replicated in a delayed-response task but were also insensitive to reward. Taken together, these results extend our understanding of how volitional movements are influenced by recent experience.
Topics: Bias; Goals; Humans; Movement; Psychomotor Performance; Reward
PubMed: 35473382
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0415 -
Occupational Therapy International 2021Original research articles regarding visual motor integration skills in children with developmental disabilities and the impact of occupational therapy were identified,... (Review)
Review
Original research articles regarding visual motor integration skills in children with developmental disabilities and the impact of occupational therapy were identified, appraised, and synthesized. Twenty-four articles were chosen for this review. Themes were noted during the critique of articles. Three themes emerged: "age," "gender," and "diagnosis." Regarding the impact on visual motor integration, there was strong evidence for age, moderate evidence for gender, and strong evidence for diagnosis. Future research investigating visual motor integration in children should control for age and diagnosis.
Topics: Child; Developmental Disabilities; Humans; Motor Skills; Motor Skills Disorders; Occupational Therapy; Psychomotor Performance
PubMed: 34381323
DOI: 10.1155/2021/1801196 -
Journal of Integrative Neuroscience Jan 2022We investigated the role of age and gender in cognitive estimation abilities. Participants completed two online tasks, where different categories of estimation were...
We investigated the role of age and gender in cognitive estimation abilities. Participants completed two online tasks, where different categories of estimation were assessed (speed estimation by time and distance, and auditory estimation). Data from a total of 18886 participants (9911 females) with ages between 18 and 65 years old were gathered. Results showed variations in the estimation capacity as a function of age, with a slow but progressive decline. Estimates of duration and sound seemed to be more affected by age than estimates of speed and movement. Overall, male participants showed a better performance on both auditory and visual estimation tasks compared to females.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Executive Function; Female; Human Development; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Psychomotor Performance; Thinking; Young Adult
PubMed: 35164446
DOI: 10.31083/j.jin2101010 -
PLoS Computational Biology Sep 2021Decisions as to whether to continue with an ongoing activity or to switch to an alternative are a constant in an animal's natural world, and in particular underlie...
Decisions as to whether to continue with an ongoing activity or to switch to an alternative are a constant in an animal's natural world, and in particular underlie foraging behavior and performance in food preference tests. Stimuli experienced by the animal both impact the choice and are themselves impacted by the choice, in a dynamic back and forth. Here, we present model neural circuits, based on spiking neurons, in which the choice to switch away from ongoing behavior instantiates this back and forth, arising as a state transition in neural activity. We analyze two classes of circuit, which differ in whether state transitions result from a loss of hedonic input from the stimulus (an "entice to stay" model) or from aversive stimulus-input (a "repel to leave" model). In both classes of model, we find that the mean time spent sampling a stimulus decreases with increasing value of the alternative stimulus, a fact that we linked to the inclusion of depressing synapses in our model. The competitive interaction is much greater in "entice to stay" model networks, which has qualitative features of the marginal value theorem, and thereby provides a framework for optimal foraging behavior. We offer suggestions as to how our models could be discriminatively tested through the analysis of electrophysiological and behavioral data.
Topics: Animals; Decision Making; Feeding Behavior; Food Preferences; Models, Theoretical; Neurons; Psychomotor Performance; Taste
PubMed: 34555012
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009012 -
Scientific Reports May 2021The successful completion of complex tasks like hanging a picture or laparoscopic surgery requires coordinated motion of more than two limbs. User-controlled...
The successful completion of complex tasks like hanging a picture or laparoscopic surgery requires coordinated motion of more than two limbs. User-controlled supernumerary robotic limbs (SL) have been proposed to bypass the need for coordination with a partner in such tasks. However, neither the capability to control multiple limbs alone relative to collaborative control with partners, nor how that capability varies across different tasks, is well understood. In this work, we present an investigation of tasks requiring three-hands where the foot was used as an additional source of motor commands. We considered: (1) how does simultaneous control of three hands compare to a cooperating dyad; (2) how this relative performance was altered by the existence of constraints emanating from real or virtual physical connections (mechanical constraints) or from cognitive limits (cognitive constraints). It was found that a cooperating dyad outperformed a single user in all scenarios in terms of task score, path efficiency and motion smoothness. However, while the participants were able to reach more targets with increasing mechanical constraints/decreasing number of simultaneous goals, the relative difference in performance between a dyad and a participant performing trimanual activities decreased, suggesting further potential for SLs in this class of scenario.
Topics: Adult; Female; Foot; Hand; Humans; Laparoscopy; Psychomotor Performance; Robotics; Task Performance and Analysis; User-Computer Interface
PubMed: 33947906
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88862-9 -
Anaesthesia Jun 2017
Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Automobile Driving; Drug Industry; Humans; Isoflurane; Psychomotor Performance
PubMed: 28390061
DOI: 10.1111/anae.13841 -
Psychological Research Jun 2024In the past few decades, binding and retrieval mechanisms have gained increased interest in research on human action control. Recent studies show that these mechanisms...
In the past few decades, binding and retrieval mechanisms have gained increased interest in research on human action control. Recent studies show that these mechanisms also play a role in the control of multiple independent actions. Here, two or more successively executed responses seem to be bound to each other so that repeating one of them can retrieve the other, affecting performance in this second response and resulting in so-called response-response binding effects. Binding effects are typically found in the response time data and, somewhat less reliably, also in the error rates. Whether binding effects show in the response times, the error rates, or both, is likely influenced by the current speed-accuracy settings of the participants, with binding effects more likely showing in error rates under a speed setting, while more likely showing in RTs under an accuracy setting. Alternatively, different speed-accuracy settings might also entail changes in executive control, affecting the size of observed binding effects. In this study, we tested these assumptions by comparing binding effects under different speed-accuracy settings that were induced via instructions focusing on speed, accuracy, or both (ambivalent). Binding effects were observed in response times independent of instructions, while in error rates, they only showed under speed or ambivalent instructions. These findings indicate that binding effects can be affected by instructions regarding speed and accuracy.
Topics: Humans; Reaction Time; Psychomotor Performance; Male; Female; Adult; Executive Function; Young Adult
PubMed: 38337124
DOI: 10.1007/s00426-024-01927-y -
ENeuro 2022The human sensorimotor system is sensitive to both limb-related prediction errors and task-related performance errors. Prediction error signals are believed to drive...
The human sensorimotor system is sensitive to both limb-related prediction errors and task-related performance errors. Prediction error signals are believed to drive implicit refinements to motor plans. However, an understanding of the mechanisms that performance errors stimulate has remained unclear largely because their effects have not been probed in isolation from prediction errors. Diverging from past work, we induced performance errors independent of prediction errors by shifting the location of a reach target but keeping the intended and actual kinematic consequences of the motion matched. Our first two experiments revealed that rather than implicit learning, motor adjustments in response to performance errors reflect the use of deliberative, volitional strategies. Our third experiment revealed a potential dissociation of performance-error-driven strategies based on error size. Specifically, behavioral changes following large errors were consistent with goal-directed or model-based control, known to be supported by connections between prefrontal cortex and associative striatum. In contrast, motor changes following smaller performance errors carried signatures of model-free stimulus-response learning, of the kind underpinned by pathways between motor cortical areas and sensorimotor striatum. Across all experiments, we also found remarkably faster re-learning, advocating that such "savings" is associated with retrieval of previously learned strategic error compensation and may not require a history of exposure to limb-related errors.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Biomechanical Phenomena; Humans; Learning; Psychomotor Performance; Task Performance and Analysis
PubMed: 35110383
DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0371-21.2022