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Psychiatria Danubina Oct 2020Early neglect and abuse are a major societal problem, with negative consequences for the victim. There is clear evidence that early neglect and abuse are related to an... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Early neglect and abuse are a major societal problem, with negative consequences for the victim. There is clear evidence that early neglect and abuse are related to an increased prevalence of mental health problems. On the other hand there are children that show resilience towards negative influences in early childhood. In this paper I will describe results of empirical studies that reveal the negative consequences of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) as well as studies on resilience.
METHODS
Studies relevant for the topic are reviewed.
RESULTS
In many individuals adverse childhood experiences lead to impaired functioning of neural structures that increase the risk for later psychopathology and maldaptive functioning. However, according to one of the major principles of developmental psychopathology we see multifinality of outcome as some individuals show signs of resilience.
CONCLUSION
Efforts to prevent adverse influences on children early in life are urgently needed to prevent long-lasting negative consequences that go along with subjective suffering and enormous societal costs. More research is needed to understand the mechanisms of vulnerability and resilience.
Topics: Child; Child Abuse; Child, Preschool; Humans; Prevalence; Psychopathology; Resilience, Psychological
PubMed: 33030449
DOI: No ID Found -
The International Journal of Eating... Nov 2022As network models of eating disorder (ED) psychopathology become increasingly popular in modeling symptom interconnectedness and identifying potential treatment targets,...
OBJECTIVE
As network models of eating disorder (ED) psychopathology become increasingly popular in modeling symptom interconnectedness and identifying potential treatment targets, it is necessary to contextualize their performance against other methods of modeling ED psychopathology and to evaluate potential ways to optimize and capitalize on their use. To accomplish these goals, we used generalized network psychometrics to estimate and compare latent variable models and network models, as well as hybrid models.
METHOD
We tested the structure of the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory (EPSI) and Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) in Recovery Record, Inc. mobile phone application users (N = 6856).
RESULTS
Although all models fit well, results favored a hybrid latent variable and network framework, which showed that ED symptoms fit best when modeled as higher-order constructs, rather than direct symptom-to-symptom connections, and when the relationships between those constructs are described as a network. Hybrid models in which latent factors were modeled as nodes within a network showed that EPSI Purging, Binge Eating, Cognitive Restraint, Body Dissatisfaction, and Excessive Exercise had high importance in the network. EDE-Q Eating Concern and Shape Concern were also important nodes. Results showed that the EPSI network was highly stable and replicable, whereas the EDE-Q network was not.
DISCUSSION
Integrating latent variable and network model frameworks enables tests of centrality to identify important latent variables, such as purging, that may promote the spread of ED psychopathology throughout a network, allowing for the identification of future treatment targets.
Topics: Humans; Psychometrics; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Psychopathology; Bulimia; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 36053836
DOI: 10.1002/eat.23801 -
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2019
Topics: Humans; Iatrogenic Disease; Psychopathology; Psychotropic Drugs
PubMed: 31085917
DOI: 10.1159/000500151 -
Pediatrics Oct 2016Although children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at elevated risk for comorbid psychopathology, the clinical correlates of ADHD in girls are... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
CONTEXT
Although children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at elevated risk for comorbid psychopathology, the clinical correlates of ADHD in girls are far less understood relative to boys, despite ADHD being one of the most common childhood disorders in girls.
OBJECTIVE
To meta-analytically summarize rates of comorbid internalizing (anxiety, depression) and externalizing (oppositional defiant disorder [ODD], conduct disorder [CD]) psychopathology among girls with and without ADHD.
DATA SOURCES
Literature searches (PubMed, Google Scholar) identified published studies examining comorbid psychopathology in girls with and without ADHD.
STUDY SELECTION
Eighteen studies (1997 participants) met inclusion criteria and had sufficient data for the meta-analysis.
DATA EXTRACTION
Odds ratios for each comorbid disorder were calculated from available data. Demographic (eg, age, race/ethnicity) and study characteristics (eg, referral source, diagnostic method) were also coded.
RESULTS
Compared with girls without ADHD, girls with ADHD were significantly more likely to meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for each comorbid disorder assessed. Relative odds were higher for externalizing (ODD: 5.6×; CD: 9.4×) relative to internalizing disorders (anxiety: 3.2×; depression: 4.2×). Meta-regression revealed larger effect sizes of ADHD on anxiety for studies using multiple diagnostic methods, featuring younger children, and including clinic-referred (versus community-referred) girls; the effect of ADHD on ODD varied based on diagnostic informant.
LIMITATIONS
Findings were derived from cross-sectional studies, precluding causal inferences.
CONCLUSIONS
Girls with ADHD frequently exhibit comorbid externalizing and internalizing disorders. We discuss future research priorities and consider intervention implications for ADHD and comorbid psychopathology in girls.
Topics: Adolescent; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Child; Comorbidity; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Female; Humans; Mental Disorders; Psychopathology
PubMed: 27694280
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-0430 -
Psychological Methods Dec 2022Over the past decade, there has been a surge of empirical research investigating mental disorders as complex systems. In this article, we investigate how to best make... (Review)
Review
Over the past decade, there has been a surge of empirical research investigating mental disorders as complex systems. In this article, we investigate how to best make use of this growing body of empirical research and move the field toward its fundamental aims of explaining, predicting, and controlling psychopathology. We first review the contemporary philosophy of science literature on scientific theories and argue that fully achieving the aims of explanation, prediction, and control requires that we construct formal theories of mental disorders: theories expressed in the language of mathematics or a computational programming language. We then investigate three routes by which one can use empirical findings (i.e., data models) to construct formal theories: (a) using data models themselves as formal theories, (b) using data models to infer formal theories, and (c) comparing empirical data models to theory-implied data models in order to evaluate and refine an existing formal theory. We argue that the third approach is the most promising path forward. We conclude by introducing the abductive formal theory construction (AFTC) framework, informed by both our review of philosophy of science and our methodological investigation. We argue that this approach provides a clear and promising way forward for using empirical research to inform the generation, development, and testing of formal theories both in the domain of psychopathology and in the broader field of psychological science. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Mental Disorders; Psychopathology; Language; Philosophy; Empirical Research
PubMed: 34735175
DOI: 10.1037/met0000303 -
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience Sep 2018A crisis of confidence was triggered by the disappointment that diagnostic validity, an important goal, was not achieved with the publication of . The Research Domain... (Review)
Review
A crisis of confidence was triggered by the disappointment that diagnostic validity, an important goal, was not achieved with the publication of . The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project, which provides a framework for neuroscientific research, was initially conceptualized as an alternative to . However, RDoC and are complementary rather than mutually exclusive. From a historical perspective, this article argues that the debate opposing psychology and brain in psychiatric classification is not new and has an air of déjà vu. We go back to the first classifications based on a scientific taxonomy in the late 18th century with Boissier de Sauvages, which were supposed to describe diseases as they really existed in nature. Emil Kraepelin successfully associated psychopathology and brain research, prefiguring the interaction between and RDoC. DSM symptoms remain valuable because they are the only data that are immediately and directly observable. Computational science is a promising instrument to interconnect psychopathological and neuroscientific data in the future.
Topics: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Mental Disorders; Neurosciences; Psychiatry; Psychopathology
PubMed: 30581284
DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2018.20.3/macrocq -
Current Opinion in Psychology Apr 2022Adolescence is a period of dynamic change across multiple systems. Concurrent maturation of neural, biological, and psychosocial functioning renders adolescence a time... (Review)
Review
Adolescence is a period of dynamic change across multiple systems. Concurrent maturation of neural, biological, and psychosocial functioning renders adolescence a time of heightened sensitivity to both negative and positive experiences. Here, we review recent literature across these domains, discuss risk and opportunity in the context of ongoing neural development, and highlight promising directions for future research. Finally, we propose that conceptualizing adolescence as a sensitive window during which plasticity across multiple systems is enhanced may support the identification of links between experience, neurodevelopment, and psychopathology.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Psychopathology
PubMed: 34818623
DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.10.005 -
Journal of Child Psychology and... Jul 2022An emerging body of literature has indicated that broad, transdiagnostic dimensions of psychopathology are associated with alterations in brain structure across the life...
BACKGROUND
An emerging body of literature has indicated that broad, transdiagnostic dimensions of psychopathology are associated with alterations in brain structure across the life span. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between brain structure and broad dimensions of psychopathology in the critical preadolescent period when psychopathology is emerging.
METHODS
This study included baseline data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (n = 11,875; age range = 9-10 years; male = 52.2%). General psychopathology, externalizing, internalizing, and thought disorder dimensions were based on a higher-order model of psychopathology and estimated using Bayesian plausible values. Outcome variables included global and regional cortical volume, thickness, and surface area.
RESULTS
Higher levels of psychopathology across all dimensions were associated with lower volume and surface area globally, as well as widespread and pervasive alterations across the majority of cortical and subcortical regions studied, after adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, parental education, income, and maternal psychopathology. The relationships between general psychopathology and brain structure were attenuated when adjusting for cognitive functioning. There were no statistically significant relationships between psychopathology and cortical thickness in this sample of preadolescents.
CONCLUSIONS
The current study identified lower cortical volume and surface area as transdiagnostic biomarkers for general psychopathology in preadolescence. Future research may focus on whether the widespread and pervasive relationships between general psychopathology and brain structure reflect cognitive dysfunction that is a feature across a range of mental illnesses.
Topics: Adolescent; Bayes Theorem; Brain; Child; Cognition; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Psychopathology
PubMed: 34468031
DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13513 -
American Journal of Public Health Jul 2017
Topics: Adult; Africa; Armed Conflicts; Child; Humans; Middle East; Psychological Trauma; Psychopathology; Public Health; Refugees; United States
PubMed: 28590859
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2017.303857 -
Behavioral and Brain Functions : BBF Mar 2019The use of animals in neurosciences has a long history. It is considered indispensable in areas in which "translational" research is deemed invaluable, such as... (Review)
Review
The use of animals in neurosciences has a long history. It is considered indispensable in areas in which "translational" research is deemed invaluable, such as behavioral pharmacology and comparative psychology. Animal models are being used in pharmacology and genetics to screen for treatment targets, and in the field of experimental psychopathology to understand the neurobehavioral underpinnings of a disorder and of its putative treatment. The centrality of behavioral models betrays the complexity of the epistemic and semantic considerations which are needed to understand what a model is. In this review, such considerations are made, and the breadth of model building and evaluation approaches is extended to include theoretical considerations on the etiology of mental disorders. This expansion is expected to help improve the validity of behavioral models and to increase their translational value. Moreover, the role of theory in improving construct validity creates the need for behavioral scientists to fully engage this process.
Topics: Animals; Biological Variation, Population; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Knowledge; Mental Disorders; Psychopathology; Semantics; Translational Research, Biomedical
PubMed: 30823933
DOI: 10.1186/s12993-019-0152-4