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Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Oct 2020Behaviors, traits and characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring because of complex genetic and non-genetic processes. We review genetic and non-genetic... (Review)
Review
Behaviors, traits and characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring because of complex genetic and non-genetic processes. We review genetic and non-genetic mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of psychopathology and parenting and focus on recent methodological advances in disentangling genetic and non-genetic factors. In light of this review, we propose that future studies on intergenerational transmission should aim to disentangle genetic and non-genetic transmission, take a long-term longitudinal perspective, and focus on paternal and maternal intergenerational transmission. We present four large longitudinal cohort studies within the Consortium on Individual Development, which together address many of these methodological challenges. These four cohort studies aim to examine the extent to which genetic and non-genetic transmission from the parental generation shapes parenting behavior and psychopathology in the next generation, as well as the extent to which self-regulation and social competence mediate this transmission. Conjointly, these four cohorts provide a comprehensive approach to the study of intergenerational transmission.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Intergenerational Relations; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Parenting; Psychopathology; Sweden
PubMed: 32823179
DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100835 -
Birth Defects Research Dec 2017The adolescent brain undergoes significant structural and functional development. Through the use of magnetic resonance imaging in adolescents, it has been demonstrated... (Review)
Review
The adolescent brain undergoes significant structural and functional development. Through the use of magnetic resonance imaging in adolescents, it has been demonstrated that the prefrontal cortex, pertinent for executive control, demonstrates protracted development compared to limbic structures, active during emotion and reward processing. This asynchronous development creates a sensitive window during adolescence, in which many psychopathological disorders (i.e., mental health and substance use) emerge. This review outlines longitudinal studies that use magnetic resonance imaging to identify neurobiological predictors of emergent psychopathology (depression, anxiety, and substance use), during adolescence. Studies identifying neurobiological markers that predict onset and escalation of these disorders, as well as those that predict successful treatment outcomes are explored. An emphasis is placed on frontolimbic brain structures, a convergent neurobiological target for both emergent mental health issues and emergent substance use. The literature reviewed herein suggests that reduced volume and cortical thickness in frontolimbic regions, as well as reduced functional activation (particularly during task involving reward or emotional stimuli) in these regions, may serve as a neurobiological predictors of emergent psychopathology in adolescence. This knowledge is crucial, as it may be used to develop neurobiologically targeted prevention and intervention strategies for youth who are at-risk for developing these psychopathologies.
Topics: Adolescent; Brain; Humans; Mental Disorders; Neurobiology; Psychopathology
PubMed: 29251844
DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1176 -
Translational Psychiatry Aug 2022It has been widely demonstrated that time processing is altered in patients with schizophrenia. This perspective review delves into such temporal deficit and highlights... (Review)
Review
It has been widely demonstrated that time processing is altered in patients with schizophrenia. This perspective review delves into such temporal deficit and highlights its link to low-level sensory alterations, which are often overlooked in rehabilitation protocols for psychosis. However, if temporal impairment at the sensory level is inherent to the disease, new interventions should focus on this dimension. Beyond more traditional types of intervention, here we review the most recent digital technologies for rehabilitation and the most promising ones for sensory training. The overall aim is to synthesise existing literature on time in schizophrenia linking psychopathology, psychophysics, and technology to help future developments.
Topics: Humans; Psychopathology; Psychophysics; Psychotic Disorders; Schizophrenia; Technology
PubMed: 35961974
DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02101-x -
Psychopathology 2023Considering the growing sense of ambivalence about the merits of the DSM, the time seems right for the re-evaluation of nosological attempts and efforts in the pre-DSM... (Review)
Review
Considering the growing sense of ambivalence about the merits of the DSM, the time seems right for the re-evaluation of nosological attempts and efforts in the pre-DSM era. One example of these attempts is the CHAM system developed by the Dutch psychiatrist R.M. Silbermann (1932-1976). This system is intended as a simple classification with 20 "psychiatric states," which are classified based on the presence of one of 12 hierarchically arranged core symptoms or key characteristics, while all "hierarchically higher" symptoms are excluded without inference about the "hierarchically lower" symptoms. Its scientific evidence is, as yet, insufficiently substantiated. However, disqualifying the CHAM system as an outdated Dutch folklore is like throwing out the baby with the bathwater. The CHAM system emerges as clinically straightforward, didactically fruitful, and consistent with more modern initiatives in descriptive psychopathology. Studying pre-DSM attempts such as Silbermann's CHAM system can stimulate psychopathological thinking and serve as a source of inspiration for future phenomenological research in psychiatry.
Topics: Humans; Mental Disorders; Psychopathology; Psychiatry
PubMed: 36693326
DOI: 10.1159/000528831 -
Comprehensive Psychiatry Apr 2021Two of Europe's most influential psychopathologists at the start of the twentieth century (Eugen Bleuler and Karl Jaspers) pointed out the fact that patients rarely act... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Two of Europe's most influential psychopathologists at the start of the twentieth century (Eugen Bleuler and Karl Jaspers) pointed out the fact that patients rarely act according to their delusions. This study proposes an investigation of how this issue is addressed in psychopathological literature.
METHODS
This article offers a critical review of psychopathological literature which focuses on the influence of delusional ideation on behaviour.
RESULTS
Phenomenological psychiatry has relied on the paradox pointed out by Bleuler and Jaspers to emphasize disorders of self-experience in psychosis whereas analytical philosophy of delusion has focused on the psychological status of delusion, regarded as belief, certainty, or imagination. The empirical studies conducted during the past three decades - which were devoted to acting on delusion - focused on violent and safety-seeking behaviours. These studies have shown that these behavioural disorders are motivated by an emotional outburst (anger and/or fear) rather than by delusional content.
CONCLUSION
Delusional inconsequentiality can be clarified by conceptual research in phenomenological psychiatry and analytical philosophy, even though its role in the psychopathological processes has not yet been clearly identified or conceptualised. Empirical psychopathology on acting on delusion confirms the delusional inconsequentiality, but only implicitly, by highlighting the role of affectivity (rather than beliefs) in delusional actions. Given the major implications of better understanding this phenomenon, in terms of psychopathology and clinical practices, we suggest considering delusional inconsequentiality as a promising concept which could guide further research in contemporary psychopathology.
Topics: Delusions; Humans; Psychiatry; Psychopathology; Psychotic Disorders; Thinking
PubMed: 33581447
DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2021.152230 -
International Journal of Environmental... May 2023According to the United Nations (2021), [...].
According to the United Nations (2021), [...].
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Violence; Psychopathology; United Nations; Mental Disorders
PubMed: 37239590
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20105864 -
Psychological Medicine Nov 2023Lower cognitive functioning has been documented across psychiatric disorders and hypothesized to be a core deficit of mental disorders. Situating psychopathology and...
BACKGROUND
Lower cognitive functioning has been documented across psychiatric disorders and hypothesized to be a core deficit of mental disorders. Situating psychopathology and cognition as part of a unitary construct is therefore important to understanding the etiology of psychiatric disorders. The current study aims to test competing structural models of psychopathology and cognition in a large national cohort of adolescents.
METHODS
The analytic sample consisted of 1189 participants aged 16-17 years, screened by the Israeli Draft Board. Psychopathology was assessed using a modified version of the Brief Symptom Inventory, and cognition was assessed based on four standardized test scores ((1) mathematical reasoning, concentration, and concept manipulation; (2) visual-spatial problem-solving skills and nonverbal abstract reasoning; (3) verbal understanding; (4) categorization and verbal abstraction). Confirmatory factor analysis was implemented to compare competing structural models of psychopathology with and without cognition. Sensitivity analyses examined the models in different subpopulations.
RESULTS
Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a better model fit of psychopathological symptoms without cognition (RMSEA = 0.037; TLI = 0.991; CFI = 0.992) than with cognition (RMSEA = 0.04-0.042; TLI = 0.987-0.988; CFI = 0.988-0.989). Sensitivity analyses supported the robustness of these results with a single exception. Among participants with low cognitive abilities ( = 139), models that integrated psychopathological symptoms with cognition had a better fit compared to models of psychopathology without cognition.
CONCLUSIONS
The current study suggests that cognition and psychopathology are, generally, independent constructs. However, within low cognitive abilities, cognition was integral to the structure of psychopathology. Our results point toward an increased vulnerability to psychopathology in individuals with low cognitive abilities and may provide valuable information for clinicians.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Cohort Studies; Psychopathology; Mental Disorders; Cognition; Comprehension
PubMed: 37114455
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291723000934 -
Depression and Anxiety Jun 2022The association between adversity and psychopathology in adolescents and adults is characterized by equifinality. These associations, however, have not been assessed...
BACKGROUND
The association between adversity and psychopathology in adolescents and adults is characterized by equifinality. These associations, however, have not been assessed during early childhood when psychopathology first emerges. Defining adversity using both dimensional and cumulative risk approaches, we examined whether specific types of adversity are differentially associated with psychopathology in preschool-aged children.
METHODS
Measures of threat, deprivation, and total adversities (i.e., cumulative risk) were calculated based on parent-reported information for 755 2- to 5-year old children recruited from pediatric primary care clinics. Logistic regression was used to estimate cross-sectional associations between type of adversity and anxiety, depression, ADHD, and behavioral disorder diagnoses.
RESULTS
Threat and cumulative risk exhibited independent associations with psychopathology. Threat was strongly related to behavioral disorders. Cumulative risk was consistently related to all psychopathologies.
CONCLUSIONS
Using mutually adjusted models, we identified differential associations between threat and psychopathology outcomes in preschool-aged children. This selectivity may reflect different pathways through which adversity increases the risk for psychopathology during this developmentally important period. As has been observed at other ages, a cumulative risk approach also effectively identified the cumulative impact of all forms of adversity on most forms of psychopathology during early childhood.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anxiety Disorders; Child; Child Abuse; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Mental Disorders; Psychopathology
PubMed: 35593083
DOI: 10.1002/da.23269 -
Behaviour Research and Therapy Nov 2016In spite of high prevalence and disease burden, scientific consensus on the etiology and treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) has yet to be reached. The development... (Review)
Review
In spite of high prevalence and disease burden, scientific consensus on the etiology and treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) has yet to be reached. The development and utilization of experimental psychopathology paradigms in the human laboratory represents a cornerstone of AUD research. In this review, we describe and critically evaluate the major experimental psychopathology paradigms developed for AUD, with an emphasis on their implications, strengths, weaknesses, and methodological considerations. Specifically we review alcohol administration, self-administration, cue-reactivity, and stress-reactivity paradigms. We also provide an introduction to the application of experimental psychopathology methods to translational research including genetics, neuroimaging, pharmacological and behavioral treatment development, and translational science. Through refining and manipulating key phenotypes of interest, these experimental paradigms have the potential to elucidate AUD etiological factors, improve the efficiency of treatment developments, and refine treatment targets thus advancing precision medicine.
Topics: Alcohol-Related Disorders; Humans; Psychopathology; Translational Research, Biomedical
PubMed: 27266992
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2016.05.008 -
Current Psychiatry Reports Oct 2021This systematic review aims to collect evidence regarding the impact of the SarsCov-2 pandemic on people affected by eating disorders (EDs) targeting the following... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This systematic review aims to collect evidence regarding the impact of the SarsCov-2 pandemic on people affected by eating disorders (EDs) targeting the following variables: psychopathology changes, mechanisms of vulnerability or resilience, and perception of treatment modifications during the pandemic.
RECENT FINDINGS
Since the beginning of the pandemic, a mental health deterioration has been detected in the general population and especially in people affected by pre-existing psychiatric conditions. Furthermore, mental healthcare has moved toward online treatment. ED people showed a trend toward worsening of ED-specific psychopathology and impairment in general psychopathology. The most common vulnerability mechanisms were social isolation and feelings of uncertainty, while heightened self-care and reduced social pressure were resilience factors. The online treatment, although raising many concerns related to its quality, was considered the best alternative to the face-to-face approach. These findings may support the idea that stressful events contribute to the exacerbation of ED psychopathology and highlight the relevance of internalizing symptoms in EDs. The identification of putative risk and resilience variables as well as of subjective factors affecting online treatment perception may inform healthcare professionals and may promote more personalized approaches.
Topics: COVID-19; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Pandemics; Psychopathology; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34674064
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-021-01294-0