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RoFo : Fortschritte Auf Dem Gebiete Der... Sep 2019
Topics: Bronchi; Bronchopulmonary Sequestration; Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of Lung, Congenital; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Lung; Lung Diseases; Lymphangiectasis; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Pregnancy; Prognosis; Pulmonary Emphysema; Trachea; Ultrasonography, Prenatal
PubMed: 31430779
DOI: 10.1055/a-0943-1293 -
Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics &... Aug 2017Prenatal congenital lobar fluid overload (CLFO), which was first described by Ramsay and Byron, is identical to postnatal congenital lobar overinflation. It is... (Review)
Review
Prenatal congenital lobar fluid overload (CLFO), which was first described by Ramsay and Byron, is identical to postnatal congenital lobar overinflation. It is characterized by progressive lobar overexpansion that compresses the other adjacent lung lobes. The underlying cause can be an intrinsic cartilaginous abnormality or an extrinsic airway compression. It may be associated with cardiovascular anomalies in 12%-14% of cases and affects males more frequently than females. Most cases are diagnosed postnatally, but early antenatal diagnosis and sequential follow-up are attempted for early treatment, if clinically indicated. This article provided a thorough review of CLFO, including prenatal diagnosis and differential diagnoses, as well as comprehensive illustrations of the perinatal imaging findings of CLFO. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal lung lesions should include CLFO in the differential diagnosis and prompt investigation for associated anomalies.
Topics: Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of Lung, Congenital; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Lung; Medical Illustration; Pregnancy; Pulmonary Emphysema; Ultrasonography, Prenatal
PubMed: 28805595
DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2017.05.001 -
Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) Jun 2018This study evaluated whether patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) have an increased likelihood of pulmonary hypertension (PHT) when compared...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
This study evaluated whether patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) have an increased likelihood of pulmonary hypertension (PHT) when compared with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients without emphysema.
METHODS
Two consecutive IPF populations having undergone transthoracic echocardiography were examined (n = 223 and n = 162). Emphysema and interstitial lung disease (ILD) extent were quantified visually; ILD extent was also quantified by a software tool, CALIPER. Echocardiographic criteria categorized PHT risk.
RESULTS
The prevalence of an increased PHT likelihood was 29% and 31% in each CPFE cohort. Survival at 12 months was 60% across both CPFE cohorts with no significantly worsened outcome identified when compared with IPF patients without emphysema. Using logistic regression models in both cohorts, total computed tomography (CT) disease extent (ILD and emphysema) predicted the likelihood of PHT. After adjustment for total disease extent, CPFE had no stronger association with PHT likelihood than IPF patients without emphysema.
CONCLUSION
Our findings indicate that the reported association between CPFE and PHT is explained by the summed baseline CT extents of ILD and emphysema. Once baseline severity is taken into account, CPFE is not selectively associated with a malignant microvascular phenotype, when compared with IPF patients without emphysema.
Topics: Aged; Echocardiography; Female; Humans; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis; Likelihood Functions; Logistic Models; Lung Diseases, Interstitial; Male; Prevalence; Pulmonary Emphysema; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 29237236
DOI: 10.1111/resp.13231 -
American Journal of Physiology. Lung... Jul 2021Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is composed of chronic airway inflammation and emphysema. Recent studies show that Class IA phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases...
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is composed of chronic airway inflammation and emphysema. Recent studies show that Class IA phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) play an important role in the regulation of inflammation and emphysema. However, there are few studies on their regulatory subunits. p55PIK is a regulatory subunit of Class IA PI3Ks, and its unique NH-terminal gives it special functions. p55PIK expression in the lungs of nonsmokers, smokers, and patients with COPD was examined. We established a fusion protein TAT-N15 from the NH-terminal effector sequence of p55PIK and TAT (the transduction domain of HIV transactivator protein) and investigated the effects of silencing p55PIK or adding TAT-N15 on cigarette smoke exposure at the cellular and animal level. p55PIK expression was increased in patients with COPD. p55PIK deficiency and TAT-N15 significantly inhibited the cigarette smoke extract-induced IL-6, IL-8, and activation of the Akt and the NF-κB pathway in BEAS-2B. p55PIK deficiency and TAT-N15 intranasal administration prevented emphysema and the lung function decline in mice exposed to smoke for 6 mo. p55PIK deficiency and TAT-N15 significantly inhibited lung inflammatory infiltration, reduced levels of IL-6 and KC in mice lung homogenate, and inhibited activation of the Akt and the NF-κB signaling in COPD mice lungs. Our studies indicate that p55PIK is involved in the pathogenesis of COPD, and its NH-terminal derivative TAT-N15 could be an effective drug in the treatment of COPD by inhibiting the activation of the Akt and the NF-κB pathway.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Animals; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Middle Aged; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Protein Domains; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Pulmonary Emphysema; Smoke
PubMed: 33949204
DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00560.2020 -
Matrix Biology : Journal of the... 2015Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play essential physiologic roles in numerous processes ranging from development to wound repair. Unfortunately, given the broad... (Review)
Review
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play essential physiologic roles in numerous processes ranging from development to wound repair. Unfortunately, given the broad substrate specificity of the MMP family as a whole, aberrant degradation of extracellular matrix proteins can result in destructive disease. Emphysema, the result of destroyed lung elastin and collagen matrix, is the prototypical example of such a destructive process. More recent data has highlighted that MMPs play much more elaborate physiologic and pathophysiologic roles than simple matrix protein cleavage. Key pathophysiological roles for MMPs in emphysema will be discussed herein.
Topics: Animals; Collagen; Elastin; Humans; Matrix Metalloproteinases; Pulmonary Emphysema; Smoking
PubMed: 25686691
DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.002 -
Respiration; International Review of... 2018Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that play a pivotal role in various phases of lung development and lung homeostasis, and potentially also... (Review)
Review
Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that play a pivotal role in various phases of lung development and lung homeostasis, and potentially also lung regeneration. MSCs do not only self-renew and differentiate into renew tissues, but also have anti-inflammatory and paracrine properties to reduce damage and to support tissue regeneration, constituting a promising cell-based treatment strategy for the repair of damaged alveolar tissue in emphysema. This review discusses the current state of the art regarding the potential of MSCs for the treatment of emphysema. The optimism regarding this treatment strategy is supported by promising results from animal models. Still, there are considerable challenges before effective stem cell treatment can be realized in emphysema patients. It is difficult to draw definitive conclusions from the available animal studies, as different models, dosage protocols, administration routes, and sources of MSCs have been used with different measures of effectiveness. Moreover, the regrowth potential of differentiated tissues and organs differs between species. Essential questions about MSC engraftment, retention, and survival have not been sufficiently addressed in a systematic manner. Few human studies have investigated MSC treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, demonstrating short-term safety but no convincing benefits on clinical outcomes. Possible explanations for the lack of beneficial effects on clinical outcomes could be the source (bone marrow), route, dosage, frequency of administration, and delivery (lack of a bioactive scaffold). This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the (pre)clinical studies on MSC effects in emphysema and discuss the current challenges regarding the optimal use of MSCs for cell-based therapies.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Lung; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Pulmonary Emphysema; Regeneration; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 29719298
DOI: 10.1159/000488149 -
Respiratory Research Mar 2024Astaxanthin (AXT) is a keto-carotenoid with a variety of biological functions, including antioxidant and antifibrotic effects. Small airway remodeling is the main...
BACKGROUND
Astaxanthin (AXT) is a keto-carotenoid with a variety of biological functions, including antioxidant and antifibrotic effects. Small airway remodeling is the main pathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is caused by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibroblast differentiation and proliferation. Effective therapies are still lacking. This study aimed to investigate the role of AXT in small airway remodeling in COPD and its underlying mechanisms.
METHODS
First, the model of COPD mice was established by cigarette smoke (CS) exposure combined with intraperitoneal injection of cigarette smoke extract (CSE). The effects of AXT on the morphology of CS combined with CSE -induced emphysema, EMT, and small airway remodeling by using Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemical staining, and western blot. In addition, in vitro experiments, the effects of AXT on CSE induced-EMT and fibroblast function were further explored. Next, to explore the specific mechanisms underlying the protective effects of AXT in COPD, potential targets of AXT in COPD were analyzed using network pharmacology. Finally, the possible mechanism was verified through molecular docking and in vitro experiments.
RESULTS
AXT alleviated pulmonary emphysema, EMT, and small airway remodeling in a CS combined with CSE -induced mouse model. In addition, AXT inhibited the EMT process in airway cells and the differentiation and proliferation of fibroblasts. Mechanistically, AXT inhibited myofibroblast activation by directly binding to and suppressing the phosphorylation of AKT1. Therefore, our results show that AXT protects against small airway remodeling by inhibiting AKT1.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study identified and illustrated a new food function of AXT, indicating that AXT could be used in the therapy of COPD-induced small airway remodeling.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Cigarette Smoking; Airway Remodeling; Molecular Docking Simulation; Signal Transduction; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Pulmonary Emphysema; Nicotiana; Xanthophylls
PubMed: 38555458
DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02768-4 -
Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) Oct 2014The interstitial lung diseases pathologically involve the pulmonary interstitium but may also involve the airways, pleura and pulmonary circulation. They may be... (Review)
Review
The interstitial lung diseases pathologically involve the pulmonary interstitium but may also involve the airways, pleura and pulmonary circulation. They may be idiopathic, be part of other conditions, or be related to drug or environmental exposures. This review will focus on diagnostic and prognostic information provided by lung function tests in the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, particularly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and non-specific interstitial pneumonia. These disorders are characterized by small stiff lungs with impaired gas exchange. Lung function tests, particularly lung volumes and gas transfer, used initially on patient presentation and then repeatedly on follow up, together with high-resolution computed tomography scans, can generate predictive formulae which are superior to single tests and can be used to provide useful information to assess the natural history of the disease or guide therapy. The concomitant presence of emphysema may mask the degree of restriction and may have adverse prognostic implications when accompanied by pulmonary hypertension.
Topics: Humans; Lung Diseases, Interstitial; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Pulmonary Emphysema; Respiratory Function Tests
PubMed: 25039623
DOI: 10.1111/resp.12348 -
American Journal of Physiology. Lung... Apr 2022Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neuropeptide widely expressed in not only the central nervous system but also immune cells and the respiratory epithelium. Patients with...
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neuropeptide widely expressed in not only the central nervous system but also immune cells and the respiratory epithelium. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) reportedly exhibit decreased NPY expression in the airway epithelium, but the involvement of NPY in the pathophysiology of COPD has not been defined. We investigated the role of NPY in elastase-induced emphysema. NPY-deficient (NPY) mice and wild-type (NPY) mice received intratracheal instillation of porcine pancreas elastase (PPE). The numbers of inflammatory cells and the levels of cytokines and chemokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung homogenates were determined along with quantitative morphometry of lung sections. Intratracheal instillation of PPE induced emphysematous changes and increased NPY levels in the lungs. Compared with NPY mice, NPY mice had significantly enhanced PPE-induced emphysematous changes and alveolar enlargement. Neutrophilia seen in BAL fluid of NPY mice on after PPE instillation was also enhanced in NPY mice, and the enhancement was associated with increased levels of neutrophil-related and macrophage-related chemokines and IL-17A as well as increased numbers of type 3 innate lymphoid cells in the airways. Treatment with NPY significantly reduced PPE-induced emphysematous changes. Conversely, treatment with a NPY receptor antagonist exacerbated PPE-induced emphysematous changes. These observations indicate that NPY has protective effects against elastase-induced emphysema and suggest that targeting NPY in emphysema has potential as a therapeutic strategy for delaying disease progression.
Topics: Animals; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Chemokines; Emphysema; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Lung; Lymphocytes; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neuropeptide Y; Pancreatic Elastase; Pulmonary Emphysema; Swine
PubMed: 35107033
DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00353.2020 -
Medicine Nov 2016The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between lobar severity of emphysema and lung cancer using automated lobe segmentation and emphysema...
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between lobar severity of emphysema and lung cancer using automated lobe segmentation and emphysema quantification methods.This study included 78 patients (74 males and 4 females; mean age of 72 years) with the following conditions: pathologically proven lung cancer, available chest computed tomographic (CT) scans for lobe segmentation, and quantitative scoring of emphysema. The relationship between emphysema and lung cancer was analyzed using quantitative emphysema scoring of each pulmonary lobe.The most common location of cancer was the left upper lobe (LUL) (n = 28), followed by the right upper lobe (RUL) (n = 27), left lower lobe (LLL) (n = 13), right lower lobe (RLL) (n = 9), and right middle lobe (RML) (n = 1). Emphysema ratio was the highest in LUL, followed by that in RUL, LLL, RML, and RLL. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that upper lobes (odds ratio: 1.77; 95% confidence interval: 1.01-3.11, P = 0.048) and lobes with emphysema ratio ranked the 1st or the 2nd (odds ratio: 2.48; 95% confidence interval: 1.48-4.15, P < 0.001) were significantly and independently associated with lung cancer development.In emphysema patients, lung cancer has a tendency to develop in lobes with more severe emphysema.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Pulmonary Emphysema; Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Retrospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 27902611
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000005494