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Purinergic Signalling Jun 2022Quorum sensing indicates a communication process between bacteria based on a coordinate variation in gene expression aimed at coordinating a collective comportment...
Quorum sensing indicates a communication process between bacteria based on a coordinate variation in gene expression aimed at coordinating a collective comportment related to the bacterial population density. Increasing pieces of evidence pointed out that a quorum-sensing system can be a regulatory program also used in the immune field to organize the density of the various immune cell populations and to calibrate their responses. In particular, such equilibrium is achieved by the ability of immune cells to perceive the density of their own populations or those of other cells in their environment, through the release of several mediators able to finely shape the cell density via coordinated changes in gene expression and protein signaling. In this regard, adenosine displays the typical characteristics of a mediator involved in the regulation of quorum sensing, thus suggesting a putative role of this nucleoside in shaping the balance between diverse immune cell populations.
Topics: Adenosine; Quorum Sensing; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 35501535
DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09866-2 -
Cancer Gene Therapy Jun 2024RNA modification, especially N6-methyladenosine, 5-methylcytosine, and N7-methylguanosine methylation, participates in the occurrence and progression of cancer through... (Review)
Review
RNA modification, especially N6-methyladenosine, 5-methylcytosine, and N7-methylguanosine methylation, participates in the occurrence and progression of cancer through multiple pathways. The function and expression of these epigenetic regulators have gradually become a hot topic in cancer research. Mutation and regulation of noncoding RNA, especially lncRNA, play a major role in cancer. Generally, lncRNAs exert tumor-suppressive or oncogenic functions and its dysregulation can promote tumor occurrence and metastasis. In this review, we summarize N6-methyladenosine, 5-methylcytosine, and N7-methylguanosine modifications in lncRNAs. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship between epigenetic RNA modification and lncRNA interaction and cancer progression in various cancers. Therefore, this review gives a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which RNA modification affects the progression of various cancers by regulating lncRNAs, which may shed new light on cancer research and provide new insights into cancer therapy.
Topics: Humans; Neoplasms; RNA, Long Noncoding; Epigenesis, Genetic; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Adenosine; Animals; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
PubMed: 38351139
DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00734-2 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2022Epitranscriptomic modifications can affect every aspect of RNA biology, including stability, transport, splicing, and translation, participate in global intracellular... (Review)
Review
Epitranscriptomic modifications can affect every aspect of RNA biology, including stability, transport, splicing, and translation, participate in global intracellular mRNA metabolism, and regulate gene expression and a variety of biological processes. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) as the most prevalent modification contributes to normal embryonic brain development and memory formation. However, changes in the level of m6A modification and the expression of its related proteins cause abnormal nervous system functions, including brain tissue development retardation, axon regeneration disorders, memory changes, and neural stem cell renewal and differentiation disorders. Recent studies have revealed that m6A modification and its related proteins play key roles in the development of various neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. In this review, we summarize the research progresses of the m6A modification regulation mechanism in the central nervous system and discuss the effects of gene expression regulation mediated by m6A modification on the biological functions of the neuropsychiatric disorders, thereby providing some insight into new research targets and treatment directions for human diseases.
Topics: Adenosine; Axons; Humans; Nerve Regeneration; RNA
PubMed: 35682599
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115922 -
Methods in Enzymology 2019Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is involved in translation and transcription, which are the mechanisms in which cells express genes (Alberts et al., 2002). The three classes of... (Review)
Review
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is involved in translation and transcription, which are the mechanisms in which cells express genes (Alberts et al., 2002). The three classes of RNA discussed are transfer RNA (tRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). mRNA is the transcript encoded from DNA, rRNA is associated with ribosomes, and tRNA is associated with amino acids and is used to read mRNA transcripts to make proteins (Lodish, Berk, Zipursky, et al., 2000). Interestingly, the function of tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA can be significantly altered by chemical modifications at the co-transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, and there are over 171 of these modifications identified thus far (Boccaletto et al., 2018; Modomics-Modified bases, 2017). Several of these modifications are linked to diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders. In this review, we will introduce a few RNA modifications with biological functions and how dysregulation of these RNA modifications is linked to human disease.
Topics: 5-Methylcytosine; Adenosine; Animals; Guanosine; Humans; Methylation; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Pseudouridine; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Ribosomal; RNA, Transfer; Uridine
PubMed: 31606073
DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.08.003 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2021The conversion of adenosine to inosine (A to I) by RNA editing represents a common posttranscriptional mechanism for diversification of both the transcriptome and...
The conversion of adenosine to inosine (A to I) by RNA editing represents a common posttranscriptional mechanism for diversification of both the transcriptome and proteome, and is a part of the cellular response for innate immune tolerance. Due to its preferential base-pairing with cytosine (C), inosine (I) is recognized as guanosine (G) by reverse transcriptase, as well as the cellular splicing and translation machinery. A-to-I editing events appear as A-G discrepancies between genomic DNA and cDNA sequences. Molecular analyses of RNA editing have leveraged these nucleoside differences to quantify RNA editing in ensemble populations of RNA transcripts and within individual cDNAs using high-throughput sequencing or Sanger sequencing-derived analysis of electropherogram peak heights. Here, we briefly review and compare these methods of RNA editing quantification, as well as provide experimental protocols by which such analyses may be achieved.
Topics: Adenosine; DNA, Complementary; Genome, Human; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Inosine; RNA Editing; Transcriptome
PubMed: 32729077
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0787-9_7 -
Trends in Cell Biology Jun 2019As the most abundant mRNA modification in eukaryotic cells, N-methyladenosine (mA) has recently emerged as an important regulator of gene expression. mA modification can... (Review)
Review
As the most abundant mRNA modification in eukaryotic cells, N-methyladenosine (mA) has recently emerged as an important regulator of gene expression. mA modification can be deposited by mA methyltransferases, removed by mA demethylases, and recognized by different reader proteins. Numerous lines of evidence have shown that mA methylation plays critical roles regulating gene expression in development and disease. In this review, we summarize the molecular and cellular function of mA and highlight some key results which demonstrate the role of mA in various cancers. Finally, we discuss future directions for research into mA and its effects in cancer and the potential for targeting RNA modification in cancer treatment.
Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 30940398
DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.02.008 -
Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery Dec 2022Despite the rise in morbidity and mortality associated with vascular diseases, the underlying pathophysiological molecular mechanisms are still unclear. RNA... (Review)
Review
Despite the rise in morbidity and mortality associated with vascular diseases, the underlying pathophysiological molecular mechanisms are still unclear. RNA N6-methyladenosine modification, as the most common cellular mechanism of RNA regulation, participates in a variety of biological functions and plays an important role in epigenetics. A large amount of evidence shows that RNA N6-methyladenosine modifications play a key role in the morbidity caused by vascular diseases. Further research on the relationship between RNA N6-methyladenosine modifications and vascular diseases is necessary to understand disease mechanisms at the gene level and to provide new tools for diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we summarize the currently available data on RNA N6-methyladenosine modifications in vascular diseases, addressing four aspects: the cellular regulatory system of N6-methyladenosine methylation, N6-methyladenosine modifications in risk factors for vascular disease, N6-methyladenosine modifications in vascular diseases, and techniques for the detection of N6-methyladenosine-methylated RNA.
Topics: Humans; Methylation; RNA; Adenosine; Vascular Diseases
PubMed: 36536469
DOI: 10.1186/s13019-022-02077-1 -
Bioconjugate Chemistry Sep 2021Adenosine receptors (ARs) play many important roles in physiology and have been recognized as potential targets for pain relief. Here, we introduce three photoswitchable...
Adenosine receptors (ARs) play many important roles in physiology and have been recognized as potential targets for pain relief. Here, we introduce three photoswitchable adenosine derivatives that function as light-dependent agonists for ARs and confer optical control to these G protein-coupled receptors. One of our compounds, AzoAdenosine-3, was evaluated in the classical formalin model of pain. The molecule, active in the dark, was not metabolized by adenosine deaminase and effectively reduced pain perception in a light-dependent manner. These antinociceptive effects suggested a major role for AR and AR in peripheral-mediated pain sensitization, whereas an average adenosine-mediated antinociceptive effect will be facilitated by AR and AR. Our results demonstrate that a photoswitchable adenosine derivative can be used to map the contribution of ARs mediating analgesia .
Topics: Adenosine; Receptor, Adenosine A1
PubMed: 34448572
DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00387 -
RNA Biology 2018A simple post-transcriptional modification of tRNA, deamination of adenosine to inosine at the first, or wobble, position of the anticodon, inspired Francis Crick's... (Review)
Review
A simple post-transcriptional modification of tRNA, deamination of adenosine to inosine at the first, or wobble, position of the anticodon, inspired Francis Crick's Wobble Hypothesis 50 years ago. Many more naturally-occurring modifications have been elucidated and continue to be discovered. The post-transcriptional modifications of tRNA's anticodon domain are the most diverse and chemically complex of any RNA modifications. Their contribution with regards to chemistry, structure and dynamics reveal individual and combined effects on tRNA function in recognition of cognate and wobble codons. As forecast by the Modified Wobble Hypothesis 25 years ago, some individual modifications at tRNA's wobble position have evolved to restrict codon recognition whereas others expand the tRNA's ability to read as many as four synonymous codons. Here, we review tRNA wobble codon recognition using specific examples of simple and complex modification chemistries that alter tRNA function. Understanding natural modifications has inspired evolutionary insights and possible innovation in protein synthesis.
Topics: Adenosine; Archaea; Bacteria; Base Pairing; Deamination; Eukaryota; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Code; Inosine; Models, Molecular; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Protein Biosynthesis; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; RNA, Transfer
PubMed: 28812932
DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2017.1356562 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2022Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously produced in living cells due to metabolic and biochemical reactions and due to exposure to physical, chemical and... (Review)
Review
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously produced in living cells due to metabolic and biochemical reactions and due to exposure to physical, chemical and biological agents. Excessive ROS cause oxidative stress and lead to oxidative DNA damage. Within ROS-mediated DNA lesions, 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) and its nucleotide 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG)-the guanine and deoxyguanosine oxidation products, respectively, are regarded as the most significant biomarkers for oxidative DNA damage. The quantification of 8-oxoG and 8-oxodG in urine, blood, tissue and saliva is essential, being employed to determine the overall effects of oxidative stress and to assess the risk, diagnose, and evaluate the treatment of autoimmune, inflammatory, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer and other age-related diseases. High-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) is largely employed for 8-oxoG and 8-oxodG determination in biological samples due to its high selectivity and sensitivity, down to the femtomolar range. This review seeks to provide an exhaustive analysis of the most recent reports on the HPLC-ECD determination of 8-oxoG and 8-oxodG in cellular DNA and body fluids, which is relevant for health research.
Topics: 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine
PubMed: 35268721
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051620