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The British Journal of Radiology Oct 2021Data suggest that radiation-induced cataracts may form without a threshold and at low-radiation doses. Staff involved in interventional radiology and cardiology... (Review)
Review
Data suggest that radiation-induced cataracts may form without a threshold and at low-radiation doses. Staff involved in interventional radiology and cardiology fluoroscopy-guided procedures have the potential to be exposed to radiation levels that may lead to eye lens injury and the occurrence of opacifications have been reported. Estimates of lens dose for various fluoroscopy procedures and predicted annual dosages have been provided in numerous publications. Available tools for eye lens radiation protection include accessory shields, drapes and glasses. While some tools are valuable, others provide limited protection to the eye. Reducing patient radiation dose will also reduce occupational exposure. Significant variability in reported dose measurements indicate dose levels are highly dependent on individual actions and exposure reduction is possible. Further follow-up studies of staff lens opacification are recommended along with eye lens dose measurements under current clinical practice conditions.
Topics: Cataract; Eye Protective Devices; Humans; Lens, Crystalline; Occupational Exposure; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Injuries; Radiation Protection; Radiation, Ionizing; Radiology, Interventional
PubMed: 34545762
DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20210436 -
Cardiovascular and Interventional... Jun 2021
Topics: Humans; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Protection; Radiography, Interventional
PubMed: 33733685
DOI: 10.1007/s00270-021-02816-2 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Nov 2016The dose limit for the lens of the eye for occupationally exposed workers that is stipulated in the Norwegian Regulation on radiation protection is based on outdated... (Review)
Review
The dose limit for the lens of the eye for occupationally exposed workers that is stipulated in the Norwegian Regulation on radiation protection is based on outdated threshold doses for radiation-induced cataracts. Recent studies have shown that injuries may occur at significantly lower radiation doses than previously assumed. The results from the new studies will impact upon future legislation and recommendations regarding radiation hygiene for personnel in x-ray laboratories and operating theatres who may be exposed to significant radiation doses in the course of their work.
Topics: Cataract; Humans; Lens, Crystalline; Occupational Exposure; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Injuries; Radiation Protection
PubMed: 27883104
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.16.0307 -
Molecular Medicine Reports Mar 2023A series of physiological and pathological changes occur after radiotherapy and accidental exposure to ionizing radiation (IR). These changes cause serious damage to... (Review)
Review
A series of physiological and pathological changes occur after radiotherapy and accidental exposure to ionizing radiation (IR). These changes cause serious damage to human tissues and can lead to death. Radioprotective countermeasures are radioprotective agents that prevent and reduce IR injury or have therapeutic effects. Based on a good understanding of radiobiology, a number of protective agents have achieved positive results in early clinical trials. The present review grouped known radioprotective agents according to biochemical categories and potential clinical use, and reviewed radiation countermeasures, i.e., radioprotectors, radiation mitigators and radiotherapeutic agents, with an emphasis on their current status and research progress. The aim of the present review is to facilitate the selection and application of suitable radioprotectors for clinicians and researchers, to prevent or reduce IR injury.
Topics: Humans; Radiation Injuries; Radiation Protection; Radiation-Protective Agents; Radiation, Ionizing
PubMed: 36799170
DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2023.12953 -
The British Journal of Radiology Oct 2021
Topics: History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Occupational Exposure; Patient-Centered Care; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Monitoring; Radiation Protection
PubMed: 34545765
DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20219004 -
NTM Jun 2022United States Atomic Energy Commission (USAEC) and UN agencies utilized techniques of power and negotiation to implement radiation exposure regulations. USAEC affiliated...
United States Atomic Energy Commission (USAEC) and UN agencies utilized techniques of power and negotiation to implement radiation exposure regulations. USAEC affiliated scientists' expertise was cultivated while establishing a radiation protection regime based on classified experiments. World Health Organization (WHO) leadership sought to manifest a human right to health, including a right to protection from radiation contamination. The careers of a few technical experts and interagency UN correspondence shows how American risk models of radiation regulation traveled and ultimately inhibited WHO attempts to frame radiation as a public health threat. The USAEC and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) navigated WHO's way of perceiving radiation with technical experts and bureaucratic and legislative means. This paper shows the underpinning at the UN of competing models of radiation regulation, one state centric and the other, an individual right to health. This narrative provides insights into the nature of the UN's current conceptualization of radiation regulation and argues for further research into UN, radiation, and human rights history.
Topics: Humans; International Agencies; Nuclear Energy; Radiation Protection; Right to Health; World Health Organization
PubMed: 35608615
DOI: 10.1007/s00048-022-00333-y -
Cardiovascular and Interventional... Jun 2021Evaluation and registration of patient and staff doses are mandatory under the current European legislation, and the occupational dose limits recommended by the ICRP... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Evaluation and registration of patient and staff doses are mandatory under the current European legislation, and the occupational dose limits recommended by the ICRP have been adopted by most of the countries in the world.
METHODS
Relevant documents and guidelines published by international organisations and interventional radiology societies are referred. Any potential reduction of patient and staff doses should be compatible with the clinical outcomes of the procedures.
RESULTS
The review summarises the most common protective measures and the needed quality control for them, the criteria to select the appropriate protection devices, and how to avoid unnecessary occupational radiation exposures. Moreover, the current and future advancements in personnel radiation protection using medical simulation with virtual and augmented reality, robotics, and artificial intelligence (AI) are commented. A section on the personnel radiation protection in the era of COVID-19 is introduced, showing the expanding role of the interventional radiology during the pandemic.
CONCLUSION
The review is completed with a summary of the main factors to be considered in the selection of the appropriate radiation protection tools and practical advices to improve the protection of the staff.
Topics: COVID-19; Europe; Humans; Occupational Exposure; Pandemics; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Injuries; Radiation Protection; Radiology, Interventional; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 33837456
DOI: 10.1007/s00270-021-02828-y -
Radiation Protection Dosimetry Nov 2017Exposure to naturally occurring radon is unavoidable and is second only to smoking as a direct cause of lung cancer in the USA. The literature for existing information... (Review)
Review
Exposure to naturally occurring radon is unavoidable and is second only to smoking as a direct cause of lung cancer in the USA. The literature for existing information on US occupations that are prone to increased radon exposures was reviewed. Current recommendations and applicable protective standards against occupational radon exposure that are applicable to US workers are discussed. Exposure varied widely among several working populations, most of whom were employed in industries that were unrelated to the uranium fuel cycle. Radon protection standards differed among agencies and have not changed since the height of domestic uranium production in the 1970s. In contrast, European countries are adopting recommendations by the International Commission on Radiation Protection to set a reference level near a derived annual exposure of about one working level month, which is 25% of the level currently established for US miners.
Topics: Humans; Occupational Exposure; Radiation Protection; Radon; United States
PubMed: 28204795
DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncx007 -
Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences Jun 2023
Topics: Humans; Nuclear Medicine; Radiation Protection; Caregivers; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging; Radiation Dosage
PubMed: 37092304
DOI: 10.1002/jmrs.683 -
Radiology Feb 2020
Topics: Humans; Medical Staff; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Protection; Radiometry
PubMed: 31770079
DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2019192414