-
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2020Within the species of , there is significant diversity represented among the numerous subspecies and serovars. Collectively, these account for microbes with variable... (Review)
Review
Within the species of , there is significant diversity represented among the numerous subspecies and serovars. Collectively, these account for microbes with variable host ranges, from common plant and animal colonizers to extremely pathogenic and human-specific serovars. Despite these differences, many species find commonality in the ability to form biofilms and the ability to cause acute, latent, or chronic disease. The exact outcome of infection depends on many factors such as the growth state of , the environmental conditions encountered at the time of infection, as well as the infected host and immune response elicited. Here, we review the numerous biofilm lifestyles of (on biotic and abiotic surfaces) and how the production of extracellular polymeric substances not only enhances long-term persistence outside the host but also is an essential function in chronic human infections. Furthermore, careful consideration is made for the events during initial infection that allow for gut transcytosis which, in conjunction with host immune functions, often determine the progression of disease. Both typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonellae can cause chronic and/or secondary infections, thus the adaptive immune responses to both types of bacteria are discussed with particular attention to the differences between Typhi, Typhimurium, and invasive non-typhoidal that can result in differential immune responses. Finally, while strides have been made in our understanding of immunity to in the lymphoid organs, fewer definitive studies exist for intestinal and hepatobiliary immunity. By examining our current knowledge and what remains to be determined, we provide insight into new directions in the field of immunity, particularly as it relates to chronic infection.
Topics: Animals; Biofilms; Humans; Intestines; Salmonella enterica; Salmonella typhi; Salmonella typhimurium
PubMed: 33604308
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.624622 -
The Ulster Medical Journal Oct 2015Salmonella infection can cause four predominant clinical syndromes: enteric fever, acute gastroenteritis, bacteraemia with or without metastatic infection, and the...
Salmonella infection can cause four predominant clinical syndromes: enteric fever, acute gastroenteritis, bacteraemia with or without metastatic infection, and the asymptomatic carrier state. Salmonella as an aetiological agent in osteomyelitis is essentially rare and salmonella osteomyelitis in itself is predominantly seen in patients with haemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell disease or thalassemia. There are very few cases reported in the literature in which salmonella osteomyelitis is seen in otherwise healthy individuals. We describe here a case of salmonella osteomyelitis in a young gentleman with no significant comorbidities who presented with fever and severe back pain, having returned from recent foreign travel. It is therefore important to consider uncommon pathogens in the differential diagnosis of travellers with prolonged fever and insidious symptoms.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Indian Ocean Islands; Lumbar Vertebrae; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Osteomyelitis; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella typhi; Thoracic Vertebrae; Travel; United Arab Emirates
PubMed: 26668420
DOI: No ID Found -
Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) Nov 2015A typical prokaryote population sequencing study can now consist of hundreds or thousands of isolates. Interrogating these datasets can provide detailed insights into...
UNLABELLED
A typical prokaryote population sequencing study can now consist of hundreds or thousands of isolates. Interrogating these datasets can provide detailed insights into the genetic structure of prokaryotic genomes. We introduce Roary, a tool that rapidly builds large-scale pan genomes, identifying the core and accessory genes. Roary makes construction of the pan genome of thousands of prokaryote samples possible on a standard desktop without compromising on the accuracy of results. Using a single CPU Roary can produce a pan genome consisting of 1000 isolates in 4.5 hours using 13 GB of RAM, with further speedups possible using multiple processors.
AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION
Roary is implemented in Perl and is freely available under an open source GPLv3 license from http://sanger-pathogens.github.io/Roary
CONTACT
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Topics: Computer Simulation; Databases, Genetic; Genome, Bacterial; Prokaryotic Cells; Salmonella typhi; Software
PubMed: 26198102
DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btv421 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Feb 2021
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Dengue; Diagnosis, Differential; Doxycycline; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Endemic Diseases; Humans; Malaria; Paratyphoid Fever; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Salmonella paratyphi A; Salmonella typhi; Travel-Related Illness; Typhoid Fever; Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines
PubMed: 33637488
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n437 -
Cancer Medicine Nov 2016In Chile, where gallbladder cancer (GBC) rates are high and typhoid fever was endemic until the 1990s, we evaluated the association between Salmonella enterica serovar... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
In Chile, where gallbladder cancer (GBC) rates are high and typhoid fever was endemic until the 1990s, we evaluated the association between Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) antibodies and GBC. We tested 39 GBC cases, 40 gallstone controls, and 39 population-based controls for S. Typhi Vi antibodies and performed culture and quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the subset with bile, gallstone, tissue, and stool samples available. We calculated gender and education-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association with GBC. We also conducted a meta-analysis of >1000 GBC cases by combining our results with previous studies. GBC cases were more likely to have high Vi antibody titer levels than combined controls (OR: 4.0, 95% CI: 0.9-18.3), although S. Typhi was not recovered from bile, gallstone, tissue, or stool samples. In our meta-analysis, the summary relative risk was 4.6 (95% CI: 3.1-6.8, P =0.6) for anti-Vi and 5.0 (95% CI: 2.7-9.3, P = 0.2) for bile or stool culture. Our results are consistent with the meta-analysis. Despite differences in study methods (e.g., S. Typhi detection assay), most studies found a positive association between S. Typhi and GBC. However, the mechanism underlying this association requires further investigation.
Topics: Case-Control Studies; Female; Gallbladder Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Risk Assessment; Salmonella typhi; Typhoid Fever
PubMed: 27726295
DOI: 10.1002/cam4.915 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Jun 2022Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is a human enteropathogen that can survive in macrophages and cause systemic infection. Autophagy and inflammation are two...
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is a human enteropathogen that can survive in macrophages and cause systemic infection. Autophagy and inflammation are two important immune responses of macrophages that contribute to the elimination of pathogens. However, Salmonella has derived many strategies to evade inflammation and autophagy. This study investigated inflammation-related NF-κB signaling pathways and autophagy in S. Typhi-infected macrophages. RNA-seq and quantitative real-time PCR indicated that mRNA levels of NF-κB signaling pathway and autophagy-related genes were dynamically influenced in S. Typhi-infected macrophages. Western blots revealed that S. Typhi activated the NF-κB signaling pathway and induced the expression of inhibitor protein IκBζ. In addition, S. Typhi enhanced autophagy during early stages of infection and may inhibit autophagy during late stages of infection. Thus, we propose that S. Typhi can influence the NF-κB signaling pathway and autophagy in macrophages.
Topics: Autophagy; Humans; Inflammation; Macrophages; NF-kappa B; Salmonella typhi
PubMed: 35274232
DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00719-z -
Archives of Razi Institute Apr 2022serovar Typhi () and paratyphi () bacteria exclusively found in humans, cause typhoid fever, an acute, and possibly deadly systemic infection. Typhoid fever is caused...
serovar Typhi () and paratyphi () bacteria exclusively found in humans, cause typhoid fever, an acute, and possibly deadly systemic infection. Typhoid fever is caused by a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae called . The present study aimed to examine the gene and investigate the possible relation between this gene and multi-drug resistance in . A total of 30 blood samples were obtained from patients who were suspicious of typhoid fever using the direct strategy of inoculation. Each specimen was injected into a culture of a selective medium, such as XLD and SS agar, and then incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The genomic DNA was extracted through a boiling process. Tris-EDTA was used to suspend bacterial colonies cultured on MacConkey agar plates. The suspension of bacterial colonies was centrifuged for 5 min at 8000×g and for 20 min at -20°C which lyses the organisms and extracts the DNA from the buffer. The supernatant is then transferred to a fresh Eppendorf tube. Gel electrophoresis was carried out utilizing a UV transilluminator. The gene for was found using a PCR test. The antibiotic sensitivity testing showed that the isolates were classed as multi-resistant. These results were confirmed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique using gene where twenty specimens isolated from typhoid patients were positive for .
Topics: Humans; Agar; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Edetic Acid; Integrons; Salmonella paratyphi A; Salmonella typhi; Typhoid Fever
PubMed: 36284974
DOI: 10.22092/ARI.2021.356953.1944 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Oct 2023The pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2)-encoded type III secretion system (injectisome) is assembled following uptake of bacteria into vacuoles in mammalian cells. The...
The pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2)-encoded type III secretion system (injectisome) is assembled following uptake of bacteria into vacuoles in mammalian cells. The injectisome translocates virulence proteins (effectors) into infected cells. Numerous studies have established the requirement for a functional SPI-2 injectisome for growth of Typhimurium in mouse macrophages, but the results of similar studies involving Typhi and human-derived macrophages are not consistent. It is important to clarify the functions of the . Typhi SPI-2 injectisome, not least because an inactivated SPI-2 injectisome forms the basis for live attenuated . Typhi vaccines that have undergone extensive trials in humans. Intracellular expression of injectisome genes and effector delivery take longer in the . Typhi/human macrophage model than for . Typhimurium and we propose that this could explain the conflicting results. Furthermore, strains of both . Typhimurium and . Typhi contain intact genes for several 'core' effectors. In . Typhimurium these cooperate to regulate the vacuole membrane and contribute to intracellular bacterial replication; similar functions are therefore likely in . Typhi.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Humans; Salmonella typhi; Genomic Islands; Bacterial Proteins; Salmonella typhimurium; Macrophages; Mammals
PubMed: 37862087
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001405 -
Tropical Medicine & International... Aug 2017Next-generation whole-genome sequencing has revolutionised the study of infectious diseases in recent years. The availability of genome sequences and its understanding... (Review)
Review
Next-generation whole-genome sequencing has revolutionised the study of infectious diseases in recent years. The availability of genome sequences and its understanding have transformed the field of molecular microbiology, epidemiology, infection treatments and vaccine developments. We review the key findings of the publicly accessible genomes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi since the first complete genome to the most recent release of thousands of Salmonella Typhi genomes, which remarkably shape the genomic research of S. Typhi and other pathogens. Important new insights acquired from the genome sequencing of S. Typhi, pertaining to genomic variations, evolution, population structure, antibiotic resistance, virulence, pathogenesis, disease surveillance/investigation and disease control are discussed. As the numbers of sequenced genomes are increasing at an unprecedented rate, fine variations in the gene pool of S. Typhi are captured in high resolution, allowing deeper understanding of the pathogen's evolutionary trends and its pathogenesis, paving the way to bringing us closer to eradication of typhoid through effective vaccine/treatment development.
Topics: Biological Evolution; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Phylogeny; Salmonella typhi; Typhoid Fever; Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines
PubMed: 28544285
DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12899 -
ELife May 2022Typhoid toxin is an essential virulence factor for Typhi, the cause of typhoid fever in humans. This toxin has an unusual biology in that it is produced by Typhi only...
Typhoid toxin is an essential virulence factor for Typhi, the cause of typhoid fever in humans. This toxin has an unusual biology in that it is produced by Typhi only when located within host cells. Once synthesized, the toxin is secreted to the lumen of the -containing vacuole from where it is transported to the extracellular space by vesicle carrier intermediates. Here, we report the identification of the typhoid toxin sorting receptor and components of the cellular machinery that packages the toxin into vesicle carriers, and exports it to the extracellular space. We found that the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor serves as typhoid toxin sorting receptor and that the coat protein COPII and the GTPase Sar1 mediate its packaging into vesicle carriers. Formation of the typhoid toxin carriers requires the specific environment of the Typhi-containing vacuole, which is determined by the activities of specific effectors of its type III protein secretion systems. We also found that Rab11B and its interacting protein Rip11 control the intracellular transport of the typhoid toxin carriers, and the SNARE proteins VAMP7, SNAP23, and Syntaxin 4 their fusion to the plasma membrane. Typhoid toxin's cooption of specific cellular machinery for its transport to the extracellular space illustrates the remarkable adaptation of an exotoxin to exert its function in the context of an intracellular pathogen.
Topics: Humans; Immunotoxins; Salmonella; Salmonella typhi; Typhoid Fever
PubMed: 35579416
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.78561