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International Journal of Environmental... Mar 2023Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease mediated by autoimmune reactions against myelin proteins and gangliosides in the grey and... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease mediated by autoimmune reactions against myelin proteins and gangliosides in the grey and white matter of the brain and spinal cord. It is considered one of the most common neurological diseases of non-traumatic origin in young people, especially in women. Recent studies point to a possible association between MS and gut microbiota. Intestinal dysbiosis has been observed, as well as an alteration of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, although clinical data remain scarce and inconclusive.
OBJECTIVE
To conduct a systematic review on the relationship between gut microbiota and multiple sclerosis.
METHOD
The systematic review was conducted in the first quarter of 2022. The articles included were selected and compiled from different electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Proquest, Cochrane, and CINAHL. The keywords used in the search were: "multiple sclerosis", "gut microbiota", and "microbiome".
RESULTS
12 articles were selected for the systematic review. Among the studies that analysed alpha and beta diversity, only three found significant differences with respect to the control. In terms of taxonomy, the data are contradictory, but confirm an alteration of the microbiota marked by a decrease in Firmicutes, Lachnospiraceae, , , , , , , , and and an increase in Bacteroidetes, , , and . As for short-chain fatty acids, in general, a decrease in short-chain fatty acids, in particular butyrate, was observed.
CONCLUSIONS
Gut microbiota dysbiosis was found in multiple sclerosis patients compared to controls. Most of the altered bacteria are short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing, which could explain the chronic inflammation that characterises this disease. Therefore, future studies should consider the characterisation and manipulation of the multiple sclerosis-associated microbiome as a focus of both diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Topics: Humans; Female; Adolescent; Dysbiosis; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Sclerosis; Microbiota; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Multiple Sclerosis; Bacteria
PubMed: 36901634
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054624 -
Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology Aug 2014Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is a common pathology encountered in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) as well as other epilepsy syndromes and in both surgical and... (Review)
Review
Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is a common pathology encountered in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) as well as other epilepsy syndromes and in both surgical and post-mortem practice. The 2013 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification segregates HS into typical (type 1) and atypical (type 2 and 3) groups, based on the histological patterns of subfield neuronal loss and gliosis. In addition, granule cell reorganization and alterations of interneuronal populations, neuropeptide fibre networks and mossy fibre sprouting are distinctive features of HS associated with epilepsies; they can be useful diagnostic aids to discriminate from other causes of HS, as well as highlighting potential mechanisms of hippocampal epileptogenesis. The cause of HS remains elusive and may be multifactorial; the contribution of febrile seizures, genetic susceptibility, inflammatory and neurodevelopmental factors are discussed. Post-mortem based research in HS, as an addition to studies on surgical samples, has the added advantage of enabling the study of the wider network changes associated with HS, the long-term effects of epilepsy on the pathology and associated comorbidities. It is likely that HS is heterogeneous in aspects of its cause, epileptogenetic mechanisms, network alterations and response to medical and surgical treatments. Future neuropathological studies will contribute to better recognition and understanding of these clinical and patho-aetiological subtypes of HS.
Topics: Brain; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe; Hippocampus; Humans; Sclerosis
PubMed: 24762203
DOI: 10.1111/nan.12150 -
The Pan African Medical Journal 2022Purulent pericarditis is an infection of the pericardial space that produces pus that is found on gross examination of the pericardial sac or on the tissue microscopy....
Purulent pericarditis is an infection of the pericardial space that produces pus that is found on gross examination of the pericardial sac or on the tissue microscopy. In this case report, we will discuss a 31-year-old male who presented with a chief complaint of low-grade fevers, dry cough and difficulty breathing for about two weeks which preceded after removing of dental also two weeks prior. He was admitted and treated as COVID-19 in the isolation ward, he later developed cardiac tamponade and during pericardiocentesis thick pus was discharged. Pus culture and Gene Xpert tests were all negative. After his condition improved, the patient was transferred to the general ward with the pericardial window still discharging pus. Pericardiectomy was chosen as definitive management. The key takeaway in this report is that Empirical treatment with RHZE (rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol) in resource-limited settings is recommended due to difficulty in identifying the exact cause at a required moment.
Topics: Adult; COVID-19; Ethambutol; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Mediastinitis; Pericarditis; Pericardium; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Sclerosis; Suppuration
PubMed: 36160276
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2022.42.145.34018 -
Journal of Translational Medicine Aug 2022Approximately 8-9% of the world's population is affected by autoimmune diseases, and yet the mechanism of autoimmunity trigger is largely understudied. Two unique cell...
BACKGROUND
Approximately 8-9% of the world's population is affected by autoimmune diseases, and yet the mechanism of autoimmunity trigger is largely understudied. Two unique cell death modalities, ferroptosis and pyroptosis, provide a new perspective on the mechanisms leading to autoimmune diseases, and development of new treatment strategies.
METHODS
Using scRNA-seq datasets, the aberrant trend of ferroptosis and pyroptosis-related genes were analyzed in several representative autoimmune diseases (psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, vitiligo, multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease, Crohn's disease, and experimental autoimmune orchitis). Cell line models were also assessed using bulk RNA-seq and qPCR.
RESULTS
A substantial difference was observed between normal and autoimmune disease samples involving ferroptosis and pyroptosis. In the present study, ferroptosis and pyroptosis showed an imbalance in different keratinocyte lineages of psoriatic skinin addition to a unique pyroptosis-sensitive keratinocyte subset in atopic dermatitis (AD) skin. The results also revealed that pyroptosis and ferroptosis are involved in epidermal melanocyte destruction in vitiligo. Aberrant ferroptosis has been detected in multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease, Crohn's disease, and autoimmune orchitis. Cell line models adopted in the study also identified pro-inflammatory factors that can drive changes in ferroptosis and pyroptosis.
CONCLUSION
These results provide a unique perspective on the involvement of ferroptosis and pyroptosis in the pathological process of autoimmune diseases at the scRNA-seq level. IFN-γ is a critical inducer of pyroptosis sensitivity, and has been identified in two cell line models.
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Crohn Disease; Dermatitis, Atopic; Ferroptosis; Humans; Lung Diseases, Interstitial; Male; Multiple Sclerosis; Orchitis; Pyroptosis; Scleroderma, Systemic; Sclerosis; Transcriptome; Vitiligo
PubMed: 35962439
DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03566-6 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Aug 2015Sclerosing thymoma is an extremely rare entity described mostly in the recent past and, to our knowledge, described in only 14 cases, including one we recently diagnosed... (Review)
Review
Sclerosing thymoma is an extremely rare entity described mostly in the recent past and, to our knowledge, described in only 14 cases, including one we recently diagnosed at our institution. The pathogenesis and biologic behavior of this relatively unknown entity is still largely uncertain. However, there are several consistent findings among the cases described so far. It is mostly asymptomatic or patients may present with shortness of breath or chest pain due to a large, well-circumscribed mass in the anterior mediastinum. It has a characteristic homogeneously white-tan, solid cut surface without any necrosis, hemorrhage, or cystic change. Microscopically, it is characterized by extensive sclerosis, hyalinization, and calcification. Only scant evidence of residual thymoma may be present to characterize this entity. Complete surgical resection has, so far, been curative. Knowledge of this rare entity in the general practice of surgical pathologists is important when considering the differential diagnosis of anterior mediastinal lesions.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Sclerosis; Thymoma; Thymus Neoplasms
PubMed: 26230602
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2013-0695-RS -
Nature Dec 2021Pro-inflammatory T cells in the central nervous system (CNS) are causally associated with multiple demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases, but the pathways that...
Pro-inflammatory T cells in the central nervous system (CNS) are causally associated with multiple demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases, but the pathways that control these responses remain unclear. Here we define a population of inflammatory group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) that infiltrate the CNS in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. These ILC3s are derived from the circulation, localize in proximity to infiltrating T cells in the CNS, function as antigen-presenting cells that restimulate myelin-specific T cells, and are increased in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Notably, antigen presentation by inflammatory ILC3s is required to promote T cell responses in the CNS and the development of multiple-sclerosis-like disease in mouse models. By contrast, conventional and tissue-resident ILC3s in the periphery do not appear to contribute to disease induction, but instead limit autoimmune T cell responses and prevent multiple-sclerosis-like disease when experimentally targeted to present myelin antigen. Collectively, our data define a population of inflammatory ILC3s that is essential for directly promoting T-cell-dependent neuroinflammation in the CNS and reveal the potential of harnessing peripheral tissue-resident ILC3s for the prevention of autoimmune disease.
Topics: Animals; Antigen-Presenting Cells; Antigens; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental; Immunity, Innate; Lymphocytes; Mice; Multiple Sclerosis; Neuroinflammatory Diseases; Sclerosis
PubMed: 34853467
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04136-4 -
Bone Research Sep 2023Abnormal subchondral bone remodeling leading to sclerosis is a main feature of osteoarthritis (OA), and osteomodulin (OMD), a proteoglycan involved in extracellular...
Abnormal subchondral bone remodeling leading to sclerosis is a main feature of osteoarthritis (OA), and osteomodulin (OMD), a proteoglycan involved in extracellular matrix mineralization, is associated with the sclerotic phenotype. However, the functions of OMD remain poorly understood, specifically in vivo. We used Omd knockout and overexpressing male mice and mutant zebrafish to study its roles in bone and cartilage metabolism and in the development of OA. The expression of Omd is deeply correlated with bone and cartilage microarchitectures affecting the bone volume and the onset of subchondral bone sclerosis and spontaneous cartilage lesions. Mechanistically, OMD binds to RANKL and inhibits osteoclastogenesis, thus controlling the balance of bone remodeling. In conclusion, OMD is a key factor in subchondral bone sclerosis associated with OA. It participates in bone and cartilage homeostasis by acting on the regulation of osteoclastogenesis. Targeting OMD may be a promising new and personalized approach for OA.
Topics: Male; Animals; Mice; Down-Regulation; Sclerosis; Zebrafish; Proteoglycans; Osteoarthritis
PubMed: 37730805
DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00286-5 -
European Journal of Vascular and... Feb 2021
Topics: Colitis, Ischemic; Computed Tomography Angiography; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Sclerosis
PubMed: 32972808
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2020.08.038 -
Arquivos de Neuro-psiquiatria Jun 2020
Topics: Hippocampus; Humans; Paracoccidioidomycosis; Sclerosis
PubMed: 32609191
DOI: 10.1590/0004-282X20200015 -
The Indian Journal of Medical Research Jun 2019
Topics: Female; Humans; India; Mediastinitis; Middle Aged; Sclerosis
PubMed: 31496535
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1364_17