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Frontiers in Immunology 2023Acne vulgaris is one of the most prevalent skin conditions, affecting almost all teenagers worldwide. Multiple factors, including the excessive production of sebum,... (Review)
Review
Acne vulgaris is one of the most prevalent skin conditions, affecting almost all teenagers worldwide. Multiple factors, including the excessive production of sebum, dysbiosis of the skin microbiome, disruption of keratinization within hair follicles, and local inflammation, are believed to trigger or aggravate acne. Immune activity plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of acne. Recent research has improved our understanding of the immunostimulatory functions of microorganisms, lipid mediators, and neuropeptides. Additionally, significant advances have been made in elucidating the intricate mechanisms through which cutaneous innate and adaptive immune cells perceive and transmit stimulatory signals and initiate immune responses. However, our understanding of precise temporal and spatial patterns of immune activity throughout various stages of acne development remains limited. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge concerning the immune processes involved in the initiation and progression of acne. Furthermore, we highlight the significance of detailed spatiotemporal analyses, including analyses of temporal dynamics of immune cell populations as well as single-cell and spatial RNA sequencing, for the development of targeted therapeutic and prevention strategies.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Skin; Acne Vulgaris; Immunization; Cognition; Immunity
PubMed: 38193084
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1324930 -
Journal of Microbiology and... May 2021is the most abundant genus in the fungal microflora found on human skin, and it is associated with various skin diseases. Among the 18 different species of that have... (Review)
Review
is the most abundant genus in the fungal microflora found on human skin, and it is associated with various skin diseases. Among the 18 different species of that have been identified to date, and are the most predominant fungal species found on human skin. Several studies have suggested a possible link between and skin disorders. However, our knowledge on the physiology and pathogenesis of in human body is still limited. is unable to synthesize fatty acids; hence, it uptakes external fatty acids as a nutrient source for survival, a characteristic compensated by the secretion of lipases and degradation of sebum to produce and uptake external fatty acids. Although it has been reported that the activity of secreted lipases may contribute to pathogenesis of , majority of the data were indirect evidences; therefore, enzymes' role in the pathogenesis of infections is still largely unknown. This review focuses on the recent advances on in the context of an emerging interest for lipases and summarizes the existing knowledge on , diseases associated with the fungus, and the role of the reported lipases in its physiology and pathogenesis.
Topics: Dermatomycoses; Fungal Proteins; Humans; Lipase; Lipid Metabolism; Malassezia; Sebum; Skin; Virulence
PubMed: 33526754
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2012.12048 -
Clinical Case Reports Oct 2022Omphalolith is a rare and underdiagnosed entity due to the accumulation of sebum and keratin in the umbilicus. It usually occurs in the elderly with deep and narrow...
Omphalolith is a rare and underdiagnosed entity due to the accumulation of sebum and keratin in the umbilicus. It usually occurs in the elderly with deep and narrow umbilicus. Early recognition of omphalolith is important to prevent complications, unnecessary investigations, and anxiety. We report herein two new cases of omphalolith.
PubMed: 36245467
DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.6443 -
BMC Microbiology Apr 2023The equilibrium of the scalp microbiome is important for maintaining healthy scalp conditions, including sebum secretion, dandruff, and hair growth. Many different...
BACKGROUND
The equilibrium of the scalp microbiome is important for maintaining healthy scalp conditions, including sebum secretion, dandruff, and hair growth. Many different strategies to improve scalp health have been reported; however, the effect of postbiotics, such as heat-killed probiotics, on scalp health remains unclear. We examined the beneficial effects of heat-killed probiotics consisting of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, GMNL-653, on scalp health.
RESULTS
Heat-killed GMNL-653 could co-aggregate with scalp commensal fungi, Malassezia furfur, in vitro, and the GMNL-653-derived lipoteichoic acid inhibited the biofilm formation of M. furfur on Hs68 fibroblast cells. The mRNA of hair follicle growth factors, including insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), vascular endothelial growth factor, IGF-1, and keratinocyte growth factor was up-regulated in skin-related human cell lines Hs68 and HaCaT after treatment with heat-killed GMNL-653. For clinical observations, we recruited 22 volunteer participants to use the shampoo containing the heat-killed GMNL-653 for 5 months and subsequently measured their scalp conditions, including sebum secretion, dandruff formation, and hair growth. We applied polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the scalp microbiota of M. restricta, M. globosa, Cutibacterium acnes, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. A decrease in dandruff and oil secretion and an increase in hair growth in the human scalp were observed after the use of heat-killed GMNL-653-containing shampoo. The increased abundance of M. globosa and the decreased abundance of M. restricta and C. acnes were also observed. We further found that accumulated L. paracasei abundance was positively correlated with M. globosa abundance and negatively correlated with C. acnes abundance. S. epidermidis and C. acnes abundance was negatively correlated with M. globosa abundance and positively correlated with M. restricta. Meanwhile, M. globosa and M. restricta abundances were negatively associated with each other. C. acnes and S. epidermidis abundances were statistically positively correlated with sebum secretion and dandruff, respectively, in our shampoo clinical trial.
CONCLUSION
Our study provides a new strategy for human scalp health care using the heat-killed probiotics GMNL-653-containing shampoo. The mechanism may be correlated with the microbiota shift.
Topics: Humans; Scalp; Dandruff; Lacticaseibacillus; Lacticaseibacillus paracasei; Hot Temperature; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Microbiota
PubMed: 37120517
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02870-5 -
Boletin Medico Del Hospital Infantil de... 2021Neonatal acne (NA) is a transitory dermatosis that occurs between the second and fourth weeks of life in 20% of children. This condition is more frequent in males, with...
Neonatal acne (NA) is a transitory dermatosis that occurs between the second and fourth weeks of life in 20% of children. This condition is more frequent in males, with a male-female ratio of 4.5:1. Present primary skin lesions are open and closed comedones which can evolve into papules, erythematous pustules and, in rare cases, nodules and cysts. NA topography includes the forehead, cheeks, chin, and eyelids, but occasionally it spreads to the scalp, neck, and trunk. NA occurs due to an elevated production of placental and neonatal androgens (of adrenal origin in both sexes and of testicular origin in males) which cause enlargement of the sebaceous glands and increases the production of sebum. Most cases are mild and transient, but if NA is severe and long-lasting, clinical and paraclinical examination will be necessary to find congenital adrenal hyperplasia or a virilizing tumor of adrenal or gonadal origin. The diagnosis of NA is clinical; its main differential -diagnoses are neonatal cephalic pustulosis, other neonatal vesiculopustular dermatoses, infectious diseases, and acneiform reactions. The resolution of NA is spontaneous. In most cases, the use of a mild dermal cleanser and water will be sufficient. For comedogenic lesions (open and closed comedones), topical retinoids or 20% azelaic acid may be used, as well as some topical antibiotics for inflammatory lesions.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Placenta; Pregnancy; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 34571513
DOI: 10.24875/BMHIM.20000327 -
Frontiers in Bioengineering and... 2022Recent studies have reported that the incidence of sensitive skin is increasing. Skin sensitivity and skin barrier functions were related to many skin diseases...
Recent studies have reported that the incidence of sensitive skin is increasing. Skin sensitivity and skin barrier functions were related to many skin diseases including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, rosacea, and so on. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes (hMSC) might be considered as a new effective therapeutic scheme. This study aims to investigate the safety and efficacy of hMSC exosomes as a novel topical treatment for sensitive skin. Exosomes were extracted from primary hMSC ultracentrifugation method. The morphology of hMSC exosomes was studied transmission electron microscope. Expression of exosome specific surface marker was detected Western blot. 22 subjects (female, aged 18-55) diagnosed with sensitive skin were enrolled. Follow-up was conducted before, 7-day, 14-day, and 28-day after hMSC exosomes use. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), surface hydration, sebum secretion, and L*a*b* value were simultaneously tested at the same time point in an environment-controlled room. Under transmission electron microscopy, the extracted hMSC exosomes were circular or elliptical with intact membrane structure, and their diameters ranged mainly from 40 to 80 nm. Western blot showed that the expression of markers CD63, CD9, and Tsg101 was positive. Brownian motion based nanoparticle trajectory analysis (NTA) showed that the main peak of particle size distribution occurred around 96 nm, the average particle size was 122 nm, and the main peak accounted for 96.7%. All this conformed to the biological characteristics of exosomes standardized by the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. In the clinical trial, scores of objective symptoms including roughness, scales, erythema, and subjective symptoms including tension, burning, or itching, were improved after 7-, 14-, and 28- day using hMSC-exosomes. TEWL, hydration, sebum, pH, and a* values were tended to return to the level of healthy skin. The hMSC-exosomes, with the advantages of biocompatibility and biodegradability, could improve clinical symptoms and eruptions in sensitive skin patients, and might be as an MSC cell-free novel therapy in sensitive skin-related disease treatment.
PubMed: 36338115
DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1053679 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2016Polyphenols are antioxidant molecules found in many foods including nuts, fruits, vegetables, chocolate, wine, and tea. Polyphenols have antimicrobial,... (Review)
Review
Polyphenols are antioxidant molecules found in many foods including nuts, fruits, vegetables, chocolate, wine, and tea. Polyphenols have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic properties. Recent studies suggest that tea polyphenols may be used for reducing sebum production in the skin and for treatment of acne vulgaris. This review examines the evidence for use of topically and orally ingested tea polyphenols against sebum production and for acne treatment and prevention. The PubMed database was searched for studies on tea polyphenols, sebum secretion, and acne vulgaris. Of the 59 studies found, eight met the inclusion criteria. Two studies evaluated tea polyphenol effects on sebum production; six studies examined tea polyphenol effects on acne vulgaris. Seven studies evaluated topical tea polyphenols; one study examined systemic tea polyphenols. None of the studies evaluated both topical and systemic tea polyphenols. Tea polyphenol sources included green tea (six studies) and tea, type not specified (two studies). Overall, there is some evidence that tea polyphenols in topical formulation may be beneficial in reducing sebum secretion and in treatment of acne. Research studies of high quality and with large sample sizes are needed to assess the efficacy of tea polyphenols in topical and oral prevention of acne vulgaris and lipid synthesis by the sebaceous glands.
PubMed: 28036057
DOI: 10.3390/antiox6010002 -
Skin Research and Technology : Official... Sep 2023Evidence suggests that sebum content is important in skin disorders such as acne. However, sebum levels change depending on the external environment, and quantifying...
BACKGROUND
Evidence suggests that sebum content is important in skin disorders such as acne. However, sebum levels change depending on the external environment, and quantifying skin sebum levels is challenging. Here, we propose an optimal method for quantifying the facial sebum level.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Four hundred and sixty participants (160 males and 300 females) aged 20-40 were enrolled in this study. A Sebumeter SM 810 was used to measure the sebum level at five facial locations: the forehead, the chin, the left cheek, the right cheek, and the nose. The participants were divided into two groups; one group underwent a one-time measurement (n = 390, male: female = 120: 270), and the other underwent three consecutive measurements (n = 70, male: female = 40: 30). The casual sebum level (CSL) was measured in all patients after a 30-min acclimatization; subsequently, the sebum removal process was conducted, followed by a resting period of 1 h to determine the sebum excretion rate (SER). Spearman's correlation analysis and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to compare the sebum level consistency and differences between the groups.
RESULTS
Although three consecutive measurements better reflected the sebum content, the one-time measurement also represented the relative sebum level. One hour after sebum removal, the sebum level recovered to 70%-90%; thus, this method was applicable for use in SER quantification. Of the five testing points, the sebum content was highest in the nose and lowest in the cheeks (both left and right). In addition, the cheeks were the most stable sites in terms of testing points, testing times, and CSL/SER values. A one-time measurement of the CSL could represent the SER 1 h after the sebum removal. In our cohort, the sebum level of males with oily skin was decreased at age 32-35, and that of males with non-oily skin increased at 28-35. The opposite trend was observed in female participants.
CONCLUSION
Sebum measurement methods were assessed, including testing times, indices (interval of time) and sites in a conditioned external environment. A one-time measurement of the CSL 1 h after sebum removal was sufficient to determine the sebum level and SER, and the cheeks are recommended as the testing site. Sex and skin type differences were observed in sebum level changes with age.
Topics: Humans; Female; Male; Adult; Sebum; Face; Cheek; Nose; Forehead
PubMed: 37753695
DOI: 10.1111/srt.13454 -
Acta Dermato-venereologica Feb 2023Dandruff is a common scalp disorder with multiple microbial and host-related factors contributing to its aetiology, including alterations in scalp sebum. Despite...
Dandruff is a common scalp disorder with multiple microbial and host-related factors contributing to its aetiology, including alterations in scalp sebum. Despite existing evidence that the yeast Malassezia restricta plays a key role in the onset of dandruff, the interplay of these factors is poorly understood. Recently, squalene monohydroperoxide and malondialdehyde were established as biomarkers of dandruff-afflicted scalp, highlighting the role of sebum lipoperoxidation in the triggering and maintenance of dandruff, although its mechanism of action is unknown. The current study provides evidence that M. restricta mediates sebum peroxidation, leading to production of squalene monohydroperoxide and malondialdehyde. Furthermore, in vitro data show that these lipoperoxidation products act on epidermal cells and alter the skin barrier. These results support the role of Malassezia restricta-induced lipoperoxides as triggers of dandruff, which suggests that blocking their production could be a novel anti-dandruff treatment approach.
Topics: Humans; Dandruff; Malassezia; Malondialdehyde
PubMed: 36789756
DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v103.4808 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Jan 2022, a newly coined term deriving from the contraction of mask-related acne, is a form of mechanical acne resulting from continuous textile-skin adherence and friction.... (Review)
Review
, a newly coined term deriving from the contraction of mask-related acne, is a form of mechanical acne resulting from continuous textile-skin adherence and friction. Prolonged mask use heats up the face environment, thus modifying skin microbiota and sebum production. Although effective prevalence is unknown, since the pandemic began and the prolonged use of masks was extended to the general population, has been a frequent topic of consultation among dermatologists. This term has been successfully introduced into common language, with more than 200,000 hashtags on social media, where it is also possible to find "home remedies" that can worsen this dermatosis. The aim of this paper is to discuss the pathogenesis, address clinicians on the correct differential diagnoses among facial dermatoses, and move towards the correct therapy.
PubMed: 35160071
DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030618