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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023Dermatological diseases pose a significant burden on the quality of life of individuals and can be challenging to treat effectively. In this aspect, cannabinoids are... (Review)
Review
Dermatological diseases pose a significant burden on the quality of life of individuals and can be challenging to treat effectively. In this aspect, cannabinoids are gaining increasing importance due to their therapeutic potential in various disease entities including skin diseases. In this synthetic review, we comprehensively analyzed the existing literature in the field of potential dermatological applications of a lesser-known subgroup of cannabinoids, the so-called minor cannabinoids, such as cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabidiforol (CBDP), cannabichromene (CBC), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabielsoin (CBE), cannabimovone (CBM) or cannabinol (CBN), while drawing attention to their unique pharmacological properties. We systematically searched the available databases for relevant studies and analyzed the data to provide an overview of current thematic knowledge. We looked through the full-text, bibliographic and factographic databases, especially Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Polish Scientific Journals Database, and selected the most relevant papers. Our review highlights that minor cannabinoids exhibit diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, and anti-itch properties. Several studies have reported their efficacy in mitigating symptoms associated with dermatological diseases such as psoriasis, eczema, acne, and pruritus. Furthermore, minor cannabinoids have shown potential in regulating sebum production, a crucial factor in acne pathogenesis. The findings of this review suggest that minor cannabinoids hold therapeutic promise in the management of dermatological diseases. Further preclinical and clinical investigations are warranted to elucidate their mechanisms of action, determine optimal dosage regimens, and assess long-term safety profiles. Incorporating minor cannabinoids into dermatological therapies could potentially offer novel treatment options of patients and improve their overall well-being.
Topics: Humans; Acne Vulgaris; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cannabinol; Databases, Factual; Quality of Life
PubMed: 37630401
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166149 -
Forensic Science International Dec 2016Passive exposure to cannabis smoke may induce effects on behavior and psychomotor skills, and have legal consequences, including the risk of being falsely considered as... (Review)
Review
Passive exposure to cannabis smoke may induce effects on behavior and psychomotor skills, and have legal consequences, including the risk of being falsely considered as a cannabis user. This can become a concern, especially in occupational contexts or when driving vehicles. In order to enable a differentiation between a passive and an active exposure to cannabis and to limit the likeliness to be detected positive following passive exposure, this review identified specific biomarkers of passive exposure in urine, blood, oral fluid, hair, and sebum. Out of 958 papers identified on passive exposure to cannabis, 21 were selected. Although positive tests had been observed in all matrices following extremely high passive exposure, some distinctive features were observed in each matrix compared to cannabis active use. More specifically, in everyday life conditions, 11-nor-delta-9-THC-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) urinary level should be detected below the positivity threshold used to confirm active smoking of cannabis, especially after normalization to creatinine level. Measuring delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and THC-COOH in blood is an appropriate alternative for appraising passive exposure as low and very low concentrations of THC and THC-COOH, respectively, should be measured. In hair, oral fluid (OF) and sweat/sebum emulsion, no THCCOOH should be detected. Its presence in hair argues for regular cannabis consumption and in OF or sweat for recent consumption. The experts should recommend to persons who have to demonstrate abstinence from cannabis to avoid heavily smoky and unventilated environments.
Topics: Biomarkers; Dronabinol; Hair; Humans; Marijuana Smoking; Saliva; Sweat; Tobacco Smoke Pollution
PubMed: 27883985
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.11.017 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2023Acne vulgaris stands out as the most prevalent skin disorder among teenagers and young adults, causing physical discomfort and considerable economic and psychological... (Review)
Review
Acne vulgaris stands out as the most prevalent skin disorder among teenagers and young adults, causing physical discomfort and considerable economic and psychological burdens on individuals and society. A wide range of topical and systemic therapies are available in acne treatment. Chemical peeling is a skin resurfacing technique designed to rebuild healthy skin using exfoliating substances, a simple and affordable process with various dermatological uses. Chemical peels, classified as superficial, medium, and deep, have been utilized for acne vulgaris and multiple other skin issues. In these chemical peels, a diverse range of chemical substances is employed, each with its unique mode of action. Among these, α-hydroxy and β-hydroxy acids have gathered attention for their efficacy in reducing acne lesions and enhancing overall skin appearance. Acids, such as salicylic acid, glycolic acid, or lactic acid, are commonly used in chemical peels due to their exfoliating and sebum-regulating properties. Despite the widespread use of these acids, there exists a lack of consensus regarding the most effective acid type and concentration for treating acne-prone skin. This review aims to bridge this knowledge gap by evaluating the effectiveness and safety of various organic acids used in chemical peels specifically for acne-prone skin. The findings of this comprehensive bibliographic review indicate that organic acid-based chemical peels represent effective and safe treatment options for individuals with acne-prone skin. Their adaptability sets these treatments apart; the choice of organic acid can be tailored to meet individual patient needs and tolerability levels. This personalized approach ensures that patients receive optimal care while minimizing the risks associated with the treatment. As research in this field progresses, it is anticipated that a more nuanced understanding of the ideal acid type and concentration will emerge, further enhancing the efficacy and safety of chemical peels for acne-prone skin.
Topics: Adolescent; Young Adult; Humans; Keratolytic Agents; Acne Vulgaris; Salicylic Acid; Chemexfoliation; Skin
PubMed: 37894698
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207219 -
Journal of Translational Medicine Sep 2017This review based on translational research predicts that the transcription factor p53 is the key effector of all anti-acne therapies. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and... (Review)
Review
This review based on translational research predicts that the transcription factor p53 is the key effector of all anti-acne therapies. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and isotretinoin (13-cis retinoic acid) enhance p53 expression. Tetracyclines and macrolides via inhibiting p450 enzymes attenuate ATRA degradation, thereby increase p53. Benzoyl peroxide and hydrogen peroxide elicit oxidative stress, which upregulates p53. Azelaic acid leads to mitochondrial damage associated with increased release of reactive oxygen species inducing p53. p53 inhibits the expression of androgen receptor and IGF-1 receptor, and induces the expression of IGF binding protein 3. p53 induces FoxO1, FoxO3, p21 and sestrin 1, sestrin 2, and tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), the key inducer of isotretinoin-mediated sebocyte apoptosis explaining isotretinoin's sebum-suppressive effect. Anti-androgens attenuate the expression of miRNA-125b, a key negative regulator of p53. It can thus be concluded that all anti-acne therapies have a common mode of action, i.e., upregulation of the guardian of the genome p53. Immortalized p53-inactivated sebocyte cultures are unfortunate models for studying acne pathogenesis and treatment.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Dicarboxylic Acids; Humans; Isotretinoin; Models, Biological; Photochemotherapy; Tetracyclines; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53
PubMed: 28927457
DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1297-2 -
Metabolomics : Official Journal of the... Mar 2023Sebum-based metabolomics (a subset of "sebomics") is a developing field that involves the sampling, identification, and quantification of metabolites found in human... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Sebum-based metabolomics (a subset of "sebomics") is a developing field that involves the sampling, identification, and quantification of metabolites found in human sebum. Sebum is a lipid-rich oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands onto the skin surface for skin homeostasis, lubrication, thermoregulation, and environmental protection. Interest in sebomics has grown over the last decade due to its potential for rapid analysis following non-invasive sampling for a range of clinical and environmental applications.
OBJECTIVES
To provide an overview of various sebum sampling techniques with their associated challenges. To evaluate applications of sebum for clinical research, drug monitoring, and human biomonitoring. To provide a commentary of the opportunities of using sebum as a diagnostic biofluid in the future.
METHODS
Bibliometric analyses of selected keywords regarding skin surface analysis using the Scopus search engine from 1960 to 2022 was performed on 12th January 2023. The published literature was compartmentalised based on what the work contributed to in the following areas: the understanding about sebum, its composition, the analytical technologies used, or the purpose of use of sebum. The findings were summarised in this review.
RESULTS
Historically, about 15 methods of sampling have been used for sebum collection. The sample preparation approaches vary depending on the analytes of interest and are summarised. The use of sebum is not limited to just skin diseases or drug monitoring but also demonstrated for other systemic disease. Most of the work carried out for untargeted analysis of metabolites associated with sebum has been in the recent two decades.
CONCLUSION
Sebum has a huge potential beyond skin research and understanding how one's physiological state affects or reflects on the skin metabolome via the sebaceous glands itself or by interactions with sebaceous secretion, will open doors for simpler biomonitoring. Sebum acts as a sink to environmental metabolites and has applications awaiting to be explored, such as biosecurity, cross-border migration, localised exposure to harmful substances, and high-throughput population screening. These applications will be possible with rapid advances in volatile headspace and lipidomics method development as well as the ability of the metabolomics community to annotate unknown species better. A key issue with skin surface analysis that remains unsolved is attributing the source of the metabolites found on the skin surface before meaningful biological interpretation.
Topics: Humans; Sebum; Metabolomics; Sebaceous Glands
PubMed: 36964290
DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-01982-3 -
Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational... 2022Seborrhea dermatitis is a skin disorder that usually appears on parts of the body that have high density of sebaceous glands, such as the face, chest, and scalp.... (Review)
Review
Seborrhea dermatitis is a skin disorder that usually appears on parts of the body that have high density of sebaceous glands, such as the face, chest, and scalp. Clinical manifestations that generally appear as scaly skin and erythema. Seborrhea dermatitis is also known as one of the causes of alopecia. Treatments that can be used for seborrhea dermatitis are antifungal, anti-inflammatory, keratolytic, and coal tar. There are concerns about poor adherence, resistance, and some side effects of drugs that have been used in the treatment of seborrhea dermatitis. Concerns regarding these issues increase the urgency for the development of new therapeutic agents in the treatment of seborrhea dermatitis. Research on medicinal plants has enormous potential to produce compounds with new structures and bioactivity. This review discusses clinical and in vitro studies related to the activity of several medicinal plants that have potential as a treatment for seborrhea dermatitis, as well as the compounds that play a role in these activities. Literature searches were carried out on the PubMed, Taylor & Francis, and SpringerLink databases using Boolean Operators to get 25 articles that match the keywords used. Of the 25 articles, six were clinical trials, while 19 were in vitro studies of Malassezia. Several plants have potential as promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of seborrhea dermatitis by inhibiting the growth of Malassezia, decreasing sebum secretion, and decreasing symptoms associated with seborrhea dermatitis such as itching, pain or burning sensation, and redness.
PubMed: 36387964
DOI: 10.2147/CCID.S376700 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2022The majority of metabolomics studies to date have utilised blood serum or plasma, biofluids that do not necessarily address the full range of patient pathologies. Here,...
The majority of metabolomics studies to date have utilised blood serum or plasma, biofluids that do not necessarily address the full range of patient pathologies. Here, correlations between serum metabolites, salivary metabolites and sebum lipids are studied for the first time. 83 COVID-19 positive and negative hospitalised participants provided blood serum alongside saliva and sebum samples for analysis by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Widespread alterations to serum-sebum lipid relationships were observed in COVID-19 positive participants versus negative controls. There was also a marked correlation between sebum lipids and the immunostimulatory hormone dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in the COVID-19 positive cohort. The biofluids analysed herein were also compared in terms of their ability to differentiate COVID-19 positive participants from controls; serum performed best by multivariate analysis (sensitivity and specificity of 0.97), with the dominant changes in triglyceride and bile acid levels, concordant with other studies identifying dyslipidemia as a hallmark of COVID-19 infection. Sebum performed well (sensitivity 0.92; specificity 0.84), with saliva performing worst (sensitivity 0.78; specificity 0.83). These findings show that alterations to skin lipid profiles coincide with dyslipidaemia in serum. The work also signposts the potential for integrated biofluid analyses to provide insight into the whole-body atlas of pathophysiological conditions.
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Lipids; Metabolomics; Saliva; Sebum; Serum
PubMed: 35831456
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16123-4 -
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2016Recent studies about the cutaneous barrier demonstrated consistent evidence that the stratum corneum is a metabolically active structure and also has adaptive functions,... (Review)
Review
Recent studies about the cutaneous barrier demonstrated consistent evidence that the stratum corneum is a metabolically active structure and also has adaptive functions, may play a regulatory role in the inflammatory response with activation of keratinocytes, angiogenesis and fibroplasia, whose intensity depends primarily on the intensity the stimulus. There are few studies investigating the abnormalities of the skin barrier in rosacea, but the existing data already show that there are changes resulting from inflammation, which can generate a vicious circle caused a prolongation of flare-ups and worsening of symptoms. This article aims to gather the most relevant literature data about the characteristics and effects of the state of the skin barrier in rosacea.
Topics: Dermatitis; Humans; Rosacea; Sebum; Skin; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Water Loss, Insensible
PubMed: 26982780
DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20163541 -
Life (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2023Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disease of the pilosebaceous unit. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial and involves the overlap between four main processes:... (Review)
Review
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disease of the pilosebaceous unit. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial and involves the overlap between four main processes: alteration of the keratinization, increased sebum production, colonization with , and inflammation. The role of oxidative stress (OS) has been intensively studied in inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis, vitiligo, or atopic dermatitis. However, the involvement of OS in the pathogenesis of acne is less known. The evidence accumulated over the last decade suggests that in the case of acne patients, there is an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants. In this review, we analyzed studies that evaluated markers of OS in patients with acne, published in the last ten years, with the aim of providing new insights into the pathogenesis of acne.
PubMed: 37511808
DOI: 10.3390/life13071433 -
IScience Mar 2022Melasma is a hyperpigmentary disorder with photoaging features, whose manifestations appear on specific face areas, rich in sebaceous glands (SGs). To explore the SGs...
Melasma is a hyperpigmentary disorder with photoaging features, whose manifestations appear on specific face areas, rich in sebaceous glands (SGs). To explore the SGs possible contribution to the onset, the expression of pro-melanogenic and inflammatory factors from the SZ95 SG cell line exposed to single or repetitive ultraviolet (UVA) radiation was evaluated. UVA up-modulated the long-lasting production of α-MSH, EDN1, b-FGF, SCF, inflammatory cytokines and mediators. Irradiated SZ95 sebocyte conditioned media increased pigmentation in melanocytes and the expression of senescence markers, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and growth factors regulating melanogenesis in fibroblasts cultures. Cocultures experiments with skin explants confirmed the role of sebocytes on melanogenesis promotion. The analysis on sebum collected from melasma patients demonstrated that sebocytes from lesional areas express the UVA-activated pathways markers observed . Our results indicate sebocytes as one of the actors in melasma pathogenesis, inducing prolonged skin cell stimulation, contributing to localized dermal aging and hyperpigmentation.
PubMed: 35252805
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103871