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European Review For Medical and... Apr 2023Intravitreal injections (IVI) of therapeutic substances are one of the most common procedures in ophthalmology and, for sure, the most feared complication of them is...
OBJECTIVE
Intravitreal injections (IVI) of therapeutic substances are one of the most common procedures in ophthalmology and, for sure, the most feared complication of them is endophthalmitis. Nowadays, a precise prophylactic protocol does not exist to avoid these infections, and the role of new antiseptic drops is an interesting field of research in this regard. In this article we are going to discuss the tolerability and the efficacy of a new antiseptic drop based on a solution of hexamidine diisethionate 0.05% (Keratosept®; Bruschettini Srl, Genoa, Italy).
PATIENTS AND METHODS
This was a single-center, case-control study, comparing the in vivo effect of hexamidine diisethionate 0.05% with povidone iodine 0.6% solution during IVI program. Ocular bacterial flora composition was analyzed with a conjunctival swab on day 0. After injection patients underwent antibacterial prophylaxis with Keratosept for 3 days or povidone iodine 0.6%. A second conjunctival swab was collected on day 4 and patients were asked to fulfill a questionnaire based on the OSDi model, to investigate the ocular tolerability of the drug administered.
RESULTS
Efficacy was tested on 50 patients, 25 of whom received hexamidine diisethionate 0.05% drops and the other 25 received povidone iodine 0.6% solution drops, 100 total conjunctival swabs, 18 positive swabs before and 9 after treatment for the first group and 13 before and 5 after for the second one. Tolerability was tested on 104 patients, 55 underwent Keratosept therapy and 49 povidone iodine one.
CONCLUSIONS
Keratosept demonstrated a good efficacy profile with better tolerability against povidone iodine in the analyzed sample.
Topics: Humans; Povidone-Iodine; Intravitreal Injections; Case-Control Studies; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Conjunctiva
PubMed: 37140316
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202304_32153 -
Science Advances Nov 2018Organogenesis is a self-organizing process of multiple cells in three-dimensional (3D) space, where macroscopic tissue deformations are robustly regulated by...
Organogenesis is a self-organizing process of multiple cells in three-dimensional (3D) space, where macroscopic tissue deformations are robustly regulated by multicellular autonomy. It is clear that this robust regulation requires cells to sense and modulate 3D tissue formation across different scales, but its underlying mechanisms are still unclear. To address this question, we developed a versatile computational model of 3D multicellular dynamics at single-cell resolution and combined it with the 3D culture system of pluripotent stem cell-derived optic-cup organoid. The complementary approach enabled quantitative prediction of morphogenesis and its corresponding verification and elucidated that the macroscopic 3D tissue deformation is fed back to individual cellular force generations via mechanosensing. We hereby conclude that mechanical force plays a key role as a feedback regulator to establish the robustness of organogenesis.
Topics: Humans; Models, Theoretical; Morphogenesis; Organ Culture Techniques; Organogenesis; Retina; Stress, Mechanical
PubMed: 30474058
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau1354 -
BMJ Case Reports Sep 2021
Topics: Anterior Chamber; Ciliary Body; Eye; Humans; Iris Diseases; Pupil Disorders
PubMed: 34544725
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-246135 -
Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology... 2017The choroid is the most vascular tissue in the eye and it has been implicated in the pathophysiology of a variety of ocular diseases. A new era of research in the... (Review)
Review
The choroid is the most vascular tissue in the eye and it has been implicated in the pathophysiology of a variety of ocular diseases. A new era of research in the choroid began with the improved ability to visualize this layer and its inner and outer boundaries using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) with enhanced depth imaging and swept source OCT. The accuracy and precision of qualitative and quan-titative assessments of the choroidal layer support the potential use of OCT-derived choroidal parameters for diagnosis, monitoring of disease progression, planning surgical access, and evaluating treatment response. Although there is increasing interest in measuring choroidal thickness, there is currently no consensus nomenclature to classify choroidal layers and boundaries. Furthermore, the definition and description of the choroidal scleral interface is inconsistent in the literature, contributing to interstudy variation in choroidal thickness measurements. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the literature on the definition of choroidal layers and choroidal scleral boundary, review the discrepan-cies, and harmonize the terminology so that a consensus nomenclature can be proposed.
Topics: Choroid; Eye; Humans; Myopia; Posterior Eye Segment; Sclera; Terminology as Topic; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 28161920
DOI: 10.22608/APO.201698 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Dec 2015The timing of early animal evolution remains poorly resolved, yet remains critical for understanding nervous system evolution. Methods for estimating divergence times... (Review)
Review
The timing of early animal evolution remains poorly resolved, yet remains critical for understanding nervous system evolution. Methods for estimating divergence times from sequence data have improved considerably, providing a more refined understanding of key divergences. The best molecular estimates point to the origin of metazoans and bilaterians tens to hundreds of millions of years earlier than their first appearances in the fossil record. Both the molecular and fossil records are compatible, however, with the possibility of tiny, unskeletonized, low energy budget animals during the Proterozoic that had planktonic, benthic, or meiofaunal lifestyles. Such animals would likely have had relatively simple nervous systems equipped primarily to detect food, avoid inhospitable environments and locate mates. The appearance of the first macropredators during the Cambrian would have changed the selective landscape dramatically, likely driving the evolution of complex sense organs, sophisticated sensory processing systems, and diverse effector systems involved in capturing prey and avoiding predation.
Topics: Animals; Biodiversity; Biological Evolution; Nervous System; Sense Organs; Time Factors
PubMed: 26554040
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0046 -
BMJ Case Reports Jul 2021
Topics: Ear Canal; Ear, Middle; Humans; Hyphae; Nose
PubMed: 34312145
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-245388 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Jul 2022The vertebrate inner ear arises from a pool of progenitors with the potential to contribute to all the sense organs and cranial ganglia in the head. Here, we explore the...
The vertebrate inner ear arises from a pool of progenitors with the potential to contribute to all the sense organs and cranial ganglia in the head. Here, we explore the molecular mechanisms that control ear specification from these precursors. Using a multiomics approach combined with loss-of-function experiments, we identify a core transcriptional circuit that imparts ear identity, along with a genome-wide characterization of noncoding elements that integrate this information. This analysis places the transcription factor Sox8 at the top of the ear determination network. Introducing Sox8 into the cranial ectoderm not only converts non-ear cells into ear progenitors but also activates the cellular programs for ear morphogenesis and neurogenesis. Thus, Sox8 has the unique ability to remodel transcriptional networks in the cranial ectoderm toward ear identity.
Topics: Animals; Ear, Inner; Ectoderm; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; SOXE Transcription Factors; Skull; Vertebrates
PubMed: 35867760
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118938119 -
Physiological Reviews Oct 2018Calcium influx through voltage-gated Ca (Ca) channels is the first step in synaptic transmission. This review concerns Ca channels at ribbon synapses in primary sense... (Review)
Review
Calcium influx through voltage-gated Ca (Ca) channels is the first step in synaptic transmission. This review concerns Ca channels at ribbon synapses in primary sense organs and their specialization for efficient coding of stimuli in the physical environment. Specifically, we describe molecular, biochemical, and biophysical properties of the Ca channels in sensory receptor cells of the retina, cochlea, and vestibular apparatus, and we consider how such properties might change over the course of development and contribute to synaptic plasticity. We pay particular attention to factors affecting the spatial arrangement of Ca channels at presynaptic, ribbon-type active zones, because the spatial relationship between Ca channels and release sites has been shown to affect synapse function critically in a number of systems. Finally, we review identified synaptopathies affecting sensory systems and arising from dysfunction of L-type, Ca1.3, and Ca1.4 channels or their protein modulatory elements.
Topics: Animals; Calcium Channels; Ear, Inner; Humans; Retina; Sensory Receptor Cells; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission
PubMed: 30067155
DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2017 -
PloS One 2022Spider morph ball pythons are a frequently-bred designer morph with striking alterations of the skin color pattern. We created high-resolution μCT-image series through...
Spider morph ball pythons are a frequently-bred designer morph with striking alterations of the skin color pattern. We created high-resolution μCT-image series through the otic region of the skulls, used 3D-reconstruction software for rendering anatomical models, and compared the anatomy of the semicircular ducts, sacculus and ampullae of wildtype Python regius (ball python) with spider morph snakes. All spider morph snakes showed the wobble condition (i.e., twisting movements of the head, impaired locomotion, difficulty striking or constricting prey items). We describe the inner ear structures in wildtype and spider morph snakes and report a deviant morphology of semicircular canals, ampullae and sacculus in the latter. We also report about associated differences in the desmal skull bones of spider morph snakes, which were characterized by wider semicircular canals, ampullae widened and difficult to discern in μCT, a deformed crus communis, and a small sacculus with a highly deviant X-ray morphology as compared to wildtype individuals. We observed considerable intra- and interindividual variability of these features. This deviant morphology in spider morph snakes could easily be associated with an impairment of sense of equilibrium and the observed neurological wobble condition. Limitations in sample size prevent statistical analyses, but the anatomical evidence is strong enough to support an association between the wobble condition and a malformation of the inner ear structures. A link between artificially selected alterations in pattern and specific color design with neural-crest associated developmental malformations of the statoacoustic organ as known from other vertebrates is discussed.
Topics: Animals; Boidae; Ear; Semicircular Canals; Skull; Spiders
PubMed: 35969602
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262788 -
Progress in Molecular Biology and... 2015Peripheral detection of nociceptive and painful stimuli by sensory neurons involves a complex repertoire of molecular detectors and/or transducers on distinct subsets of... (Review)
Review
Peripheral detection of nociceptive and painful stimuli by sensory neurons involves a complex repertoire of molecular detectors and/or transducers on distinct subsets of nerve fibers. The majority of such molecular detectors/transducers belong to the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of cation channels, which comprise both specific receptors for distinct nociceptive stimuli, as well as for multiple stimuli. This chapter discusses the classification, distribution, and functional properties of individual TRP channel types that have been implicated in various nociceptive and/or painful conditions.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Models, Biological; Nociception; Pain; Sense Organs; Signal Transduction; Transient Receptor Potential Channels
PubMed: 25744671
DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.01.002