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International Journal of Microbiology 2023and cause early and late blight diseases in tomato and potato, respectively. can survive for more than a decade in the soil, seed, or in plant residues at optimum... (Review)
Review
and cause early and late blight diseases in tomato and potato, respectively. can survive for more than a decade in the soil, seed, or in plant residues at optimum temperature. The pathogen exhibits high molecular and genetic variation between isolates from potato and tomato plants, in different countries. Morphological studies reveal separate conidia borne singly on simple conidiophores. Spores are elongated, muriform, beaked, septate, and dark coloured. The mycelia are branched and septate. demonstrated a high genetic variability among isolates originating from the United States, Greece, Cuba, Canada, Russia, Turkey, South Africa, Brazil, and China based on vegetative compatibility groups and molecular markers (random amplified polymorphic DNA markers, random amplified microsatellite markers, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms). Different morphological and molecular variations indicate the presence of variability among the isolates. On the other hand, is a diploid, obligate, heterothallic, and biotrophic oomycete, whose asexual lifecycle is characterized by alternating phases of sporangia germination, hyphal growth, and sporulation. The mycelia of is coenocytic, multinucleate, and aseptate although the cross walls do not form in old cultures. Sporangia are borne singly on the branch tips of the alternately branched sporangiophore. Sporangium is hyaline and lemon shaped with a papilla at the distal end. Mating types A1 and A2 with different clonal lineages have been discovered in various parts of the world indicating variation in the species.
PubMed: 37274633
DOI: 10.1155/2023/8951351 -
Case Reports in Women's Health Apr 2022
PubMed: 35496576
DOI: 10.1016/j.crwh.2022.e00413 -
IScience Jun 2023Age-related loss of intestinal barrier function has been documented across species, but the causes remain unknown. The intestinal barrier is maintained by tight...
Age-related loss of intestinal barrier function has been documented across species, but the causes remain unknown. The intestinal barrier is maintained by tight junctions (TJs) in mammals and septate junctions (SJs) in insects. Specialized TJs/SJs, called tricellular junctions (TCJs), are located at the nexus of three adjacent cells, and we have shown that aging results in changes to TCJs in intestines of adult . We now demonstrate that localization of the TCJ protein bark beetle (Bark) decreases in aged flies. Depletion of from enterocytes in young flies led to hallmarks of intestinal aging and shortened lifespan, whereas depletion of in progenitor cells reduced Notch activity, biasing differentiation toward the secretory lineage. Our data implicate Bark in EC maturation and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity Understanding the assembly and maintenance of TCJs to ensure barrier integrity may lead to strategies to improve tissue integrity when function is compromised.
PubMed: 37332603
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106901 -
American Journal of Respiratory and... Mar 2023
Topics: Humans; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; Pleural Diseases; Pleural Effusion; Exudates and Transudates
PubMed: 36269762
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202210-1925ED -
Reproductive Biomedicine Online Dec 2018Hysteroscopic septum resection in women with unfavourable reproductive and clinical outcomes has become common practice worldwide to improve reproductive results. No... (Review)
Review
Hysteroscopic septum resection in women with unfavourable reproductive and clinical outcomes has become common practice worldwide to improve reproductive results. No clear evidence on the possible advantages and drawbacks of this procedure has been published. In this opinion paper, based on a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis, the different aspects of this strategy are evaluated. Currently, no level 1 published evidence supports uterine resection in women with septate uterus. Clinical evidence from the studies analysed matches the more recent guidelines and suggests an improvement in reproductive outcomes after hysteroscopic resection of the septum, particularly in infertile women and women who have experienced recurrent miscarriages. In a patient with no history of infertility or prior pregnancy loss, it may be reasonable to consider septum incision after counselling about the potential risks and benefits of the procedure. Published clinical data in favour of the intervention, however, are based on studies with important methodological limitations. In this situation, the clinician and patient should reach an agreement together, based on the pros and cons of this intervention. Well-designed randomized controlled trials are required to confirm the clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness of this procedure.
Topics: Abortion, Habitual; Abortion, Induced; Adult; Female; Gynecologic Surgical Procedures; Humans; Hysteroscopy; Infertility, Female; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Reproduction; Reproductive Medicine; Treatment Outcome; Uterus
PubMed: 30527061
DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2018.09.013 -
ELife Sep 2022In the adult midgut, basal intestinal stem cells give rise to enteroblasts that integrate into the epithelium as they differentiate into enterocytes. Integrating...
In the adult midgut, basal intestinal stem cells give rise to enteroblasts that integrate into the epithelium as they differentiate into enterocytes. Integrating enteroblasts must generate a new apical domain and break through the septate junctions between neighbouring enterocytes, while maintaining barrier function. We observe that enteroblasts form an apical membrane initiation site (AMIS) when they reach the septate junction between the enterocytes. Cadherin clears from the apical surface and an apical space appears between above the enteroblast. New septate junctions then form laterally with the enterocytes and the AMIS develops into an apical domain below the enterocyte septate junction. The enteroblast therefore forms a pre-assembled apical compartment before it has a free apical surface in contact with the gut lumen. Finally, the enterocyte septate junction disassembles and the enteroblast/pre-enterocyte reaches the gut lumen with a fully formed brush border. The process of enteroblast integration resembles lumen formation in mammalian epithelial cysts, highlighting the similarities between the fly midgut and mammalian epithelia.
Topics: Animals; Cadherins; Digestive System; Drosophila; Drosophila Proteins; Drosophila melanogaster; Epithelium; Mammals
PubMed: 36169289
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.76366 -
Annals of Medicine Dec 2014The primary unseptated heart tube undergoes extensive remodeling including septation at the atrial, atrioventricular, ventricular, and ventriculo-arterial level.... (Review)
Review
The primary unseptated heart tube undergoes extensive remodeling including septation at the atrial, atrioventricular, ventricular, and ventriculo-arterial level. Alignment and fusion of the septal components is required to ensure full septation of the heart. Deficiencies lead to septal defects at various levels. Addition of myocardium and mesenchymal tissues from the second heart field (SHF) to the primary heart tube, as well as a population of neural crest cells, provides the necessary cellular players. Surprisingly, the study of the molecular background of these defects does not show a great diversity of responsible transcription factors and downstream gene pathways. Epigenetic modulation and mutations high up in several transcription factor pathways (e.g. NODAL and GATA4) may lead to defects at all levels. Disturbance of modulating pathways, involving primarily the SHF-derived cell populations and the genes expressed therein, results at the arterial pole (e.g. TBX1) in a spectrum of ventricular septal defects located at the level of the outflow tract. At the venous pole (e.g. TBX5), it can explain a variety of atrial septal defects. The various defects can occur as isolated anomalies or within families. In this review developmental, morphological, genetic, as well as epigenetic aspects of septal defects are discussed.
Topics: Epigenesis, Genetic; Gene-Environment Interaction; Heart; Heart Septal Defects; Humans; Myocardium; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 25307363
DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2014.959557 -
Current Biology : CB Dec 2020Epithelial tissues form the boundaries of organs, where they perform a range of functions, including secretion, absorption, and protection. These tissues are commonly...
Epithelial tissues form the boundaries of organs, where they perform a range of functions, including secretion, absorption, and protection. These tissues are commonly composed of discrete cell layers-sheets of cells that are one-cell thick. In multiple systems examined, epithelial cells round up and move in the apical direction before dividing, likely in response to neighbor-cell crowding [1-6]. Because of this movement, daughter cells may be born displaced from the tissue layer. Reintegration of these displaced cells supports tissue growth and maintains tissue architecture [4]. Two conserved IgCAMs (immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules), neuroglian (Nrg) and fasciclin 2 (Fas2), participate in cell reintegration in the Drosophila follicular epithelium [4]. Like their vertebrate orthologs L1CAM and NCAM1/2, respectively, Nrg and Fas2 are cell adhesion molecules primarily studied in the context of nervous system development [7-10]. Consistent with this, we identify another neural IgCAM, Fasciclin 3 (Fas3), as a reintegration factor. Nrg, Fas2, and Fas3 are components of the insect septate junction, the functional equivalent of the vertebrate tight junction, but proliferating follicle cells do not have mature septate junctions, and we find that the septate junction protein neurexin IV does not participate in reintegration [11, 12]. Here, we show that epithelial reintegration works in the same way as IgCAM-mediated axon growth and pathfinding; it relies not only on extracellular adhesion but also mechanical coupling between IgCAMs and the lateral spectrin-based membrane skeleton. Our work indicates that reintegration is mediated by a distinct epithelial adhesion assembly that is compositionally and functionally equivalent to junctions made between axons.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Ankyrins; Axons; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal; Drosophila Proteins; Drosophila melanogaster; Epithelium
PubMed: 33065006
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.061 -
Frontiers in Neuroscience 2014The efficacy of neuronal function requires a well-balanced extracellular ion homeostasis and a steady supply with nutrients and metabolites. Therefore, all organisms... (Review)
Review
The efficacy of neuronal function requires a well-balanced extracellular ion homeostasis and a steady supply with nutrients and metabolites. Therefore, all organisms equipped with a complex nervous system developed a so-called blood-brain barrier, protecting it from an uncontrolled entry of solutes, metabolites or pathogens. In higher vertebrates, this diffusion barrier is established by polarized endothelial cells that form extensive tight junctions, whereas in lower vertebrates and invertebrates the blood-brain barrier is exclusively formed by glial cells. Here, we review the development and function of the glial blood-brain barrier of Drosophila melanogaster. In the Drosophila nervous system, at least seven morphologically distinct glial cell classes can be distinguished. Two of these glial classes form the blood-brain barrier. Perineurial glial cells participate in nutrient uptake and establish a first diffusion barrier. The subperineurial glial (SPG) cells form septate junctions, which block paracellular diffusion and thus seal the nervous system from the hemolymph. We summarize the molecular basis of septate junction formation and address the different transport systems expressed by the blood-brain barrier forming glial cells.
PubMed: 25452710
DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00365