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Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2021Endophytic fungi have been studied in recent decades to understand how they interact with their hosts, the types of relationships they establish, and the potential... (Review)
Review
Endophytic fungi have been studied in recent decades to understand how they interact with their hosts, the types of relationships they establish, and the potential effects of this interaction. Dark septate endophytes (DSE) are isolated from healthy plants and form melanised structures in the roots, including inter- and intracellular hyphae and microsclerotia, causing low host specificity and covering a wide geographic range. Many studies have revealed beneficial relationships between DSE and their hosts, such as enhanced plant growth, nutrient uptake, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Furthermore, in recent decades, studies have revealed the ability of DSE to mitigate the negative effects of crop diseases, thereby highlighting DSE as potential biocontrol agents of plant diseases (BCAs). Given the importance of these fungi in nature, this article is a review of the role of DSE as BCAs. The findings of increasing numbers of studies on these fungi and their relationships with their plant hosts are also discussed to enable their use as a tool for the integrated management of crop diseases and pests.
PubMed: 34829226
DOI: 10.3390/jof7110939 -
Birth Defects Research. Part C, Embryo... Sep 2014The cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) have played an important role in the evolution and development of the vertebrate cardiovascular system: from reinforcement of the... (Review)
Review
The cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) have played an important role in the evolution and development of the vertebrate cardiovascular system: from reinforcement of the developing aortic arch arteries early in vertebrate evolution, to later orchestration of aortic arch artery remodeling into the great arteries of the heart, and finally outflow tract septation in amniotes. A critical element necessary for the evolutionary advent of outflow tract septation was the co-evolution of the cardiac neural crest cells with the second heart field. This review highlights the major transitions in vertebrate circulatory evolution, explores the evolutionary developmental origins of the CNCCs from the third stream cranial neural crest, and explores candidate signaling pathways in CNCC and outflow tract evolution drawn from our knowledge of DiGeorge Syndrome.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Birds; Cardiovascular System; Humans; Mammals; Models, Animal; Neural Crest
PubMed: 25227322
DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21076 -
ZooKeys 2022Septate junctions (SJs) perform an occluding function in invertebrate epithelia and consist of parallel septa extending across the intercellular space between...
Septate junctions (SJs) perform an occluding function in invertebrate epithelia and consist of parallel septa extending across the intercellular space between neighbouring cells. In addition, they are required for several morphogenetic processes in arthropods. The biogenesis of SJs during development is inadequately studied and it was characterised in detail only for various epithelia of . This paper provides a detailed analysis of the ultrastructural differentiation of SJs in the epidermis of the terrestrial isopod during embryonic and postembryonic development. In this study, mid-stage embryo S13 was the earliest stage in which single septa were observed basally to the adherens junction (AJ). Differentiation of SJs during further development includes gradual elongation of septa arrays and formation of continuous arrays of septa. The enlargement of SJs in the epidermis is most pronounced at the transition from embryonic to postembryonic development and after the release of mancae from the marsupium. SJs of postmarsupial mancae are similar to those of adults, but are not yet as extensive. Comparison of the differentiation of SJs in the epidermis and hindgut of , reveals a similar sequence of events. In addition, remodelling of SJs was observed in the epidermis of late marsupial mancae, the stage of cuticle renewal. Common features of SJs' biogenesis in and ectodermal epithelia are indicated.
PubMed: 36760974
DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1101.78711 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Aug 2018This study investigates pinewood nematode's impacts on root mycoflora of Pinus tabulaeformis.
AIMS
This study investigates pinewood nematode's impacts on root mycoflora of Pinus tabulaeformis.
METHODS AND RESULTS
The biomass, colonization rate, community structure and diversity of root-associated fungi were investigated in pinewood nematode-infected and nematode-noninfected P. tabulaeformis. The results indicated that the roots of P. tabulaeformis were colonized highly by root-associated fungi, mainly ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) and dark septate endophytes. Infection of pinewood nematode was associated with a significant (P < 0·05) decrease in root colonization rates by ECMF, dark septate endophytes and total hyphae, as well as in fungal biomass in the roots. Illumina MiSeq sequences of tagged amplicons of 18S rDNA region revealed Basidiomycota (65·70%) and Ascomycota (34·14%) as the dominant root-associated fungi in roots of P. tabulaeformis. Among the detected operational taxonomic units (OTUs), ECMF and dark septate endophytes exhibited a higher relative abundance in trees infected by pinewood nematode compared with noninfected ones.
CONCLUSIONS
The infection of pinewood nematode altered the composition and OTU abundance of root-associated fungi community in P. tabulaeformis roots with a decrease in the biomass, species richness and diversity of root-associated fungi, as well as in the colonization rates and abundance of ECMF and dark septate endophytes.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
This study is an important contribution for better understanding the interaction between pine wilt disease and root-associated fungi.
Topics: Basidiomycota; Biomass; DNA, Fungal; Nematode Infections; Pinus; Plant Diseases; Plant Roots
PubMed: 29675985
DOI: 10.1111/jam.13883 -
IScience Apr 2023Maintaining apicobasal polarity (ABP) is crucial for epithelial integrity and homeostasis during tissue development. Although intracellular mechanisms underlying ABP...
Maintaining apicobasal polarity (ABP) is crucial for epithelial integrity and homeostasis during tissue development. Although intracellular mechanisms underlying ABP establishment have been well studied, it remains to be addressed how the ABP coordinates tissue growth and homeostasis. By studying Scribble, a key ABP determinant, we address molecular mechanisms underlying ABP-mediated growth control in the wing imaginal disc. Our data reveal that genetic and physical interactions between Scribble, Septate junction complex and α-Catenin appear to be key for sustaining ABP-mediated growth control. Cells with conditional knockdown instigate the loss of α-Catenin, ultimately leading to the formation of neoplasia accompanying with activation of Yorkie. In contrast, cells expressing wild type progressively restore ABP in hypomorphic mutant cells in a non-autonomous manner. Our findings provide unique insights into cellular communication among optimal and sub-optimal cells to regulate epithelial homeostasis and growth.
PubMed: 37096043
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106490 -
Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences 2021Uterine anomalies arise if there is agenesis of one or two mullerian ducts, or absence of fusion or reabsorption of the septum between these ducts. The process may be...
BACKGROUND
Uterine anomalies arise if there is agenesis of one or two mullerian ducts, or absence of fusion or reabsorption of the septum between these ducts. The process may be partial or total and affect one or multiple parts of the tract.
AIMS
This study was done to assess the distribution of various types of mullerian anomalies in infertile women, their classification based on ESHRE and AFS, associated anomalies, types of diagnostic modalities used, surgical interventions done(if any), various types of infertility treatment used and their outcomes.
SETTING AND DESIGN
A retrospective analysis in a tertiary level hospital.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This was a retrospective study in which the women found to have mullerian anomalies were recruited from infertility clinic from July 2019 to March 2020. They were classified according to ESHRE and AFS criteria and their records were analyzed after taking various factors like age, ovarian reserve, duration of infertility, treatment given , associated ovarian and tubal factors and pregnancy outcomes.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Analysis was performed in Excel.
RESULTS
There were 30 women with mullerian anomalies. Unicornuate uterus was most common anomaly. Four women required septoplasty in view of septate uterus. Five women had associated renal anomalies in form of shrunken kidney and ectopic kidney. Most of these women were considered for controlled ovarian stimulation followed by intrauterine insemination. In our study 16.6% women had successful pregnancy outcome.
CONCLUSION
Mullerian anomalies continue to attract infertility specialist as they pose challenge in making clear diagnosis and its management as obstetrics outcomes are excellent after septum resection in women with septate uterus and conservative management in women with other anomalies. Proper work up of infertility and its management varies from case to case and associated factors like endometriosis, male factor, polycystic ovarian syndrome etc.
PubMed: 35197690
DOI: 10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_3_21 -
Biodiversity Data Journal 2022Freshwater fungi play an indispensable role in the ecosystem and have great research value. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses of a concatenated dataset of...
BACKGROUND
Freshwater fungi play an indispensable role in the ecosystem and have great research value. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses of a concatenated dataset of ITS, LSU and SSU sequences, a new species, , was introduced as a freshwater hyphomycete from Anhui Province, China.
NEW INFORMATION
was morphologically described as erect, rigid, dark brown to black, velvety synnemata which has macronematous, septate, branched, brown to dark brown, parallel adpressed conidiophores with polyblastic, integrated, terminal, hyaline to pale brown, smooth, denticulate, sympodial conidiogenous cells and ellipsoidal to obovoid, rounded at the apex, obtuse and tapering towards base, septate, guttulate conidia. Based on molecular and morphological characteristics, it is confirmed to be a new species. All illustrations and descriptions have been provided.
PubMed: 36761506
DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.10.e94088 -
MycoKeys 2023The fungal genus consists of species mostly occurring as parasites of scale insects, but are also commonly isolated from soil or lichens. In the present study, we...
The fungal genus consists of species mostly occurring as parasites of scale insects, but are also commonly isolated from soil or lichens. In the present study, we surveyed the diversity and assess the taxonomy of entomopathogenic fungi in Sichuan Province, China. Two new species of , viz. and , were isolated from scale insects colonising walnut (). Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses of ITS, LSU, 1-α, 1, 2, 1, , 2, A and 3 sequence data provide evidence for the validity of the two species and their placement in Nectriaceae (Hypocreales). primarily differs from similar species by having more septate and smaller cylindrical macroconidia, as well as DNA sequence data. Meanwhile, has elliptical, one-septate ascospores with acute ends and cylindrical, slightly curved with 4-6 septate macroconidia up to 78 µm long. Morphological descriptions with illustrations of the novel species and DNA-based phylogeny generated from analyses of multigene dataset are also provided to better understand species relationships.
PubMed: 37287767
DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.98.103484 -
BMC Plant Biology Oct 2021Effects on maize were assessed of dual inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSE) isolated from other plant species.
BACKGROUND
Effects on maize were assessed of dual inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSE) isolated from other plant species.
METHODS
Suspensions of DSE isolated from Stipa krylovii were prepared at different densities (2, 4, and 8 × 10 CFU mL) and inoculated separately (AMF or DSE) or together (AMF + DSE), to explore their effects on maize growth.
RESULTS
Inoculation with AMF or medium and high densities of DSE and combined inoculation (AMF + DSE) increased plant above-ground growth and altered root morphology. Differences in plant growth were attributable to differences in DSE density, with negative DSE inoculation responsiveness at low density. AMF promoted plant above-ground growth more than DSE and the high density of DSE promoted root development more than AMF. Combined inoculation might lead to synergistic growth effects on maize at low density of DSE and competitive effects at medium and high DSE densities.
CONCLUSIONS
AMF and DSE co-colonized maize roots and they had positive effects on the host plants depending on DSE density. These findings indicate the optimum maize growth-promoting combination of AMF and DSE density and provide a foundation for further exploration of potentially synergistic mechanisms between AMF and DSE in physiological and ecological effects on host plants.
Topics: Crops, Agricultural; Endophytes; Mycorrhizae; Plant Roots; Symbiosis; Zea mays
PubMed: 34715790
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03267-0 -
MicroRNA in late lung development and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: the need to demonstrate causality.Molecular and Cellular Pediatrics Dec 2016MicroRNA are emerging as powerful regulators of cell differentiation and tissue and organ development. Several microRNA have been described to play a role in branching... (Review)
Review
MicroRNA are emerging as powerful regulators of cell differentiation and tissue and organ development. Several microRNA have been described to play a role in branching morphogenesis, a key step in early lung development. However, considerably less attention has been paid to microRNA as regulators of the process of secondary septation, which drives lung alveolarization during late lung development. Secondary septation is severely perturbed in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a common complication of preterm birth characterized by blunted alveolarization. A number of studies to date have reported microRNA microarray screens in animal models of BPD; however, only two studies have attempted to demonstrate causality. Although the expression of miR-150 was altered in experimental BPD, a miR-150(-/-) knockout mouse did not exhibit appreciable protection in a BPD animal model. Similarly, while the expression of miR-489 in the lung was reduced in clinical and experimental BPD, antagomiR and over-expression approaches could not validate a role for miR-489 in the impaired alveolarization associated with experimental BPD. This mini-review aims to highlight microRNA that have been revealed by multiple microarray studies to be potential causal players in normal and pathological alveolarization. Additionally, the challenges faced in attempting to demonstrate a causal role for microRNA in lung alveolarization are discussed. These include the tremendous variability in the animal models employed, and the limitations and advantages offered by the available tools, including antagomiRs and approaches for the validation of a specific microRNA-mRNA interaction during lung alveolarization.
PubMed: 27216745
DOI: 10.1186/s40348-016-0047-5