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JAMA Dermatology Dec 2022To our knowledge, no study has prospectively investigated sunburn patterns over age periods from childhood to adulthood and their associations with skin cancer risk.
IMPORTANCE
To our knowledge, no study has prospectively investigated sunburn patterns over age periods from childhood to adulthood and their associations with skin cancer risk.
OBJECTIVE
To identify lifetime trajectories of sunburns and compare the association between these trajectories and subsequent risk of cutaneous melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC).
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This population-based cohort study included participants from the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study, established in 1991, with follow-up through 2018. Baseline questionnaires were issued from 1991 to 2007, with follow-up questionnaires every 5 to 7 years. Data analysis was performed from March 16, 2021, to December 4, 2021.
EXPOSURES
Participants reported pigmentation factors, sunbathing vacations, and indoor tanning. Annual frequencies of sunburns were reported for childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Information on cancer diagnoses, emigration, and death were obtained through linkage to the Cancer Registry of Norway using the unique personal identification number of Norwegian citizens.
RESULTS
Of the 172 472 women (age range, 31-70 years) who returned questionnaires, 169 768 received questions about sunburns at study inclusion. Five classes (stable low, low-moderate-low, low to high, high to low, and stable high) of individual lifetime sunburn trajectories with similar shapes were estimated in 3 samples up to 39 years (n = 159 773), up to 49 years (n = 153 297), and up to 59 years (n = 119 170). Mean follow-up ranged from 14.3 to 19.5 years in the 3 samples, during which 1252 to 1774 women were diagnosed with incident primary melanoma and 739 to 871 women with incident primary cSCC. With hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model, the stable high and high to low trajectories showed statistically significant increased melanoma and cSCC risks compared with the stable low trajectory across all samples (≤39 years for stable high and high to low trajectories: melanoma: HR, 1.50 [95% CI, 1.28-1.75] and HR, 1.44 [95% CI, 1.20-1.73]; cSCC: HR, 1.51 [95% CI, 1.22-1.87] and HR, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.14-1.91]). Other trajectories showed increased risk, though generally weaker and mainly estimates that were not statistically significant. There was no statistically significant heterogeneity between melanoma and cSCC estimates.
CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE
This cohort study showed that high sunburn frequency throughout life was associated with increased melanoma and cSCC risk. Furthermore, sunburns in childhood are especially important for subsequent risk of these skin cancers. Avoiding sunburns throughout life, in particular in childhood, is therefore crucial.
Topics: Adolescent; Female; Humans; Child; Young Adult; Adult; Middle Aged; Aged; Skin Neoplasms; Melanoma; Sunburn; Cohort Studies; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Norway; Risk Factors; Melanoma, Cutaneous Malignant
PubMed: 36197657
DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2022.4053 -
The Journal of Dermatological Treatment Dec 2023
Topics: Humans; Sunscreening Agents; Face; Skin Neoplasms; Sunburn; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
PubMed: 38017696
DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2023.2284654 -
Journal of Occupational and... Nov 2017The aim of this study was to identify determinants of occupational sunburn in agricultural workers and assess their occupational and recreational sun protection habits.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to identify determinants of occupational sunburn in agricultural workers and assess their occupational and recreational sun protection habits.
METHODS
Specific surveys of agricultural workers in Switzerland and France were conducted (N = 1538). Multivariate logistic regressions identified occupational sunburn determinants. Occupational and recreational sun protection habits were estimated and correlated.
RESULTS
One-year occupational and recreational sunburn prevalences were 19.8% and 11.5%, respectively. Occupational sunburn increased with having a recent recreational sunburn, highly sensitive skin, young age, high perceived skin cancer risk, using sunscreen, and not wearing a hat. Correlation between protection habits during work and leisure was substantial (rs 0.5 to 0.7). Skin health knowledge was high and pro-tanning attitude moderate.
CONCLUSION
Potentially modifiable sunburn determinants and suboptimal recreational and occupational sun protection practices were identified in agricultural workers. Refining and tailoring sun protection messages targeting the agricultural sector are needed.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Agriculture; Female; France; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Occupational Exposure; Prevalence; Protective Clothing; Recreation; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Sunburn; Sunscreening Agents; Surveys and Questionnaires; Switzerland
PubMed: 28858909
DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001140 -
Journal of the European Academy of... Nov 2020Sun sensitivity is an inherent risk factor for skin cancer. Sun protection is important in sun-sensitive individuals to reduce sunburns for skin cancer prevention....
BACKGROUND
Sun sensitivity is an inherent risk factor for skin cancer. Sun protection is important in sun-sensitive individuals to reduce sunburns for skin cancer prevention. However, concerns have arose regarding the possible impact of sun protection on vitamin D deficiency.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the prevalence and correlates of sun-protective behaviours (staying in the shade, using sunscreen and wearing long sleeves) with sunburn and vitamin D deficiency in sun-sensitive individuals.
METHODS
This was a cross-sectional study of 2390 US non-Hispanic white adults aged 20-59 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014. Sun sensitivity was defined as self-reported tendency to severe sunburn when exposed to the sun for half an hour after months of non-sun exposure, and single serum 25(OH)D levels less than 50 nmol/L was determined as vitamin D deficiency. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) using multivariable logistic regression taking into account the complex survey design.
RESULTS
Sun-sensitive individuals had higher odds of frequently staying in the shade (aOR = 3.08; 95% CI 2.19-4.33) and using sunscreen (aOR = 1.93; 1.44-2.59) but not associated with sun exposure time (aOR = 0.91; 0.62-1.32). Yet, sun-sensitive individuals had significantly higher likelihood of sunburns (aOR = 1.93; 1.45-2.55), and no increased likelihood of vitamin D deficiency (aOR = 1.15; 0.84-1.58). Among sun-sensitive individuals, being younger, male and spending more time outdoors were associated with increased odds of sunburns and the risk of sunburn was reduced with frequently staying in the shade and engaging in multimodal sun protections.
CONCLUSION
Sun-sensitive individuals more frequently used sun protection methods yet they still were significantly more likely to experience sunburns and the risk of vitamin D deficiency was not increased. Education on proper application of sunscreen combined with other sun-protective techniques is important to reduce sunburn in sun-sensitive populations.
Topics: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Health Behavior; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Prevalence; Skin Neoplasms; Sunburn; Sunscreening Agents; Vitamin D Deficiency; Young Adult
PubMed: 32453868
DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16681 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2021Sunburn in grapevine berries is known as a recurring disorder causing severe yield losses and a decline in berry quality. The transition from healthy to sunburnt along a...
Sunburn in grapevine berries is known as a recurring disorder causing severe yield losses and a decline in berry quality. The transition from healthy to sunburnt along a temporal trajectory is not fully understood. It is driven by light-boosted local heat impact and modulated by, e.g., past environments of the berry and its developmental state. Events of berry sunburn are often associated with heatwaves, indicating a link to climate change. In addition, the sensitivity of grapevine architecture to changing environmental condition indicates an urgent need to investigate and adapt mitigation strategies of berry sunburn in future vineyards. In this perspective, we want to identify missing links in predicting berry sunburn in vineyards and propose a modeling framework that may help us to investigate berry sunburn in future vineyards. For this, we propose to address open issues in both developing a model of berry sunburn and considering dynamic canopy growth, and canopy interaction with the environment and plant management such as shoot positioning or leaf removal. Because local environmental conditions drive sunburn, we aim at showing that identifying sunburn-reducing strategies in a vineyard under future environmental conditions can be supported by a modeling approach that integrates effects of management practices over time and takes grapevine architecture explicitly into account. We argue that functional-structural plant models may address such complex tasks. Once open issues are solved, they might be a promising tool to advance our knowledge on reducing risks of berry sunburn .
PubMed: 34712249
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.715906 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2022The bagging of fruits provides efficient protection from high-intensity sunlight and improves fruit color and quality. However, bagged fruit suddenly exposed to bright...
The bagging of fruits provides efficient protection from high-intensity sunlight and improves fruit color and quality. However, bagged fruit suddenly exposed to bright light can cause sunburn and destroys the peel cell structure. In this study, fruits from ten-year-old apple trees of 'Gala' variety were debagged, and the effect of sunburn on fruits was divided into: (1) normal peels (BFN), (2) peels with albefaction (BFA), and (3) browning (BFB). The non-bagging fruits (NBF) were set as a control to study the physiological characteristics of apple fruits with different levels of sunburn. Our results showed that in the early stages of debagged fruits' sunburn, the cell structure of the peel was partially destroyed, the color of the injured fruit surface turned white, and the peroxidation in the cell membrane of the peel increased. Initially, the fruit improved its photosynthetic protection ability, and the activity of antioxidants and phenolics was enhanced, to cope with external injury. However, with the increase in duration of high-intensity sunlight, the cell structure of the peel was severely damaged, and the increase in membrane peroxidation resulted in brown coloration of fruits. Under the same conditions, the photoprotection ability and antioxidant enzyme activity of non-bagged fruits showed higher levels. In conclusion, the non-bagged fruits were more adaptable to high-intensity sunlight as compared to debagged fruits.
Topics: Antioxidants; Fruit; Malus; Sunburn; Sunlight
PubMed: 35744900
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123775 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2022Sunburn causes fruit browning and other physiological symptoms, reducing fruit production and quality. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the anatomical differences and...
Sunburn causes fruit browning and other physiological symptoms, reducing fruit production and quality. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the anatomical differences and abiotic stress responses in 'Nichinan 1 gou' satsuma mandarin ( Marc.) according to the severity of sunburn damage (five grades: control, no sunburn; I to IV, increasing severity of sunburn). Additionally, the quality of sunburned and non-sunburned fruits was compared, and the sunburn-inducing temperature was estimated. Anatomical observations confirmed that with increased severity of symptoms, the damage to fruit rind surface and oil glands was increased. In the analysis of peel pigments, chlorophyll content in the rind gradually decreased compared with IV, whereas the carotenoid content gradually increased up to III. The flavonoid content in the peel and pulp was the highest in III. In the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical analyses, the IC50 (the concentration of compound at which the percentage of inhibition is 50%) value was the lowest in grade III in peel or IV in pulp, indicating a high free radical scavenging ability. The fruit quality analysis between sunburned and non-sunburned fruits showed differences in total soluble solid content, total acidity, firmness, coloration, and free sugar and organic acid contents, indicating a significant effect on fruit quality. In the heat tolerance tests on fruit rind in the laboratory and field, the damage was confirmed at temperatures above 47 °C.
PubMed: 35890435
DOI: 10.3390/plants11141801 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2022Excessive solar ultraviolet (SUV) radiation often causes dermatitis, photoaging, and even skin cancer. In the pathological processes of SUV-induced sunburn, JNK is...
Excessive solar ultraviolet (SUV) radiation often causes dermatitis, photoaging, and even skin cancer. In the pathological processes of SUV-induced sunburn, JNK is activated by phosphorylation, and it in turn phosphorylates its downstream transcription factors, such as ATF2 and c-jun. The transcription factors further regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, which ultimately leads to dermatitis. Therefore, inhibiting JNK may be a strategy to prevent dermatitis. In this study, we screened for worenine as a potential drug candidate for inhibiting sunburn. We determined that worenine inhibited the JNK-ATF2/c-jun signaling pathway and the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α in cell culture and , confirming the role of worenine in inhibiting sunburn. Furthermore, we determined that worenine bound and inhibited JNK2 activity through the MST, kinase, and kinase assays. Therefore, worenine might be a promising drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of SUV-induced sunburn.
PubMed: 35979232
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.881042 -
JAMA Dermatology Mar 2022Asian American individuals are the fastest growing racial group in the US but remain underrepresented in health disparities research, including research on skin cancer...
IMPORTANCE
Asian American individuals are the fastest growing racial group in the US but remain underrepresented in health disparities research, including research on skin cancer risk factors and screening. Improved understanding of preventable skin cancer risk factors and screening may demonstrate unmet needs among Asian American individuals.
OBJECTIVE
To examine sunburns, sun-protective behaviors, indoor tanning, and total body skin examinations (TBSEs) for skin cancer screening among Asian American subgroups compared with non-Hispanic White individuals.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
The National Health Interview Survey is a nationally representative cross-sectional survey in the US that assesses health behaviors. Self-identified Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, non-Hispanic White, and other Asian respondents from survey years 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015 were included. Data were analyzed from July to November 2021.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Any sunburn within the last year; sun-protective behaviors included applying sunscreen, staying under shade, wearing long-sleeved shirts, wearing long clothing to the ankles, wearing hats, and wearing caps most of the time or always when out in the sun; any indoor tanning within the last year; any TBSE ever.
RESULTS
Of 84 030 participants, 5694 were Asian American (6.8%) and 78 336 (93.2%) were Non-Hispanic White; of these individuals, 1073 (weighted prevalence, 21.0%) were Asian Indian, 1165 (19.4%) Chinese, 1312 (23.5%) Filipino, and 2144 (36.1%) Other Asian. All Asian American subgroups were more likely to seek shade, wear long clothing to the ankles, and wear long-sleeved shirts but less likely to sunburn, apply sunscreen, tan indoors, and receive TBSE than Non-Hispanic White individuals. Asian Indian individuals were less likely than Chinese participants to apply sunscreen (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.55; 95% CI, 0.41-0.74) or wear a hat (aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.37-0.76) and more likely to wear long-sleeved shirts (aOR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.52-2.33) or long clothing to the ankles (aOR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.28-1.90).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
The results of this cross-sectional study found that disaggregated comparisons among Asian American individuals demonstrated differences in skin cancer risk factors that may be used to identify high-risk subgroups and inform culturally aware counseling when indicated. Future studies should further sample Asian American individuals to evaluate for potential masked health disparities through disaggregated analysis.
Topics: Asian; Cross-Sectional Studies; Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Risk Factors; Skin Neoplasms; Sunburn; Sunscreening Agents
PubMed: 35080583
DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.5657 -
Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift Fur... Apr 2022The task of the first sunscreens was to prevent the development of sunburn and, following the spirit of the 1950/1960s, to not impair the tanning of the skin. The need... (Review)
Review
The task of the first sunscreens was to prevent the development of sunburn and, following the spirit of the 1950/1960s, to not impair the tanning of the skin. The need to quantify the protective performance soon arose. Originally with the help of natural-nowadays artificial-sunlight, a method was developed to determine a sun protection factor (SPF). It is formally defined as a ratio between minimum erythema-effective UV dose on sunscreen-protected skin and minimum erythema-effective UV dose on unprotected skin (ISO 24444:2019). Three observations question the suitability of the method. (1) Interlaboratory variability: Despite strict standardization, results of SPF determinations from different laboratories are subject to large variations. (2) Natural vs. artificial sunlight: The radiation spectrum of artificial sunlight differs from that of natural sunlight. SPFs determined with artificial sunlight (as depicted on all sunscreens currently on the market) are significantly too high compared to SPF determination with natural sunlight. (3) Erythema burden: When determining SPF, subjects are exposed to potentially harmful radiation. Against this background alternative methods-in vitro SPF, hybrid diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (HDRS) and in silico calculations-are presented. These have the potential to replace the current method. As an immediate measure, it is recommended to return to the comprehensible description of low, medium, high, and very high protection and in the future to take into account the spectrum of natural sunlight.
Topics: Erythema; Humans; Sun Protection Factor; Sunburn; Sunlight; Sunscreening Agents
PubMed: 35333933
DOI: 10.1007/s00105-022-04958-x