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European Journal of Case Reports in... 2020Chest pain is a very frequent reason for seeking medical care. When there is no obvious cause, patients are sometimes subjected to tests and treatments that may be...
INTRODUCTION
Chest pain is a very frequent reason for seeking medical care. When there is no obvious cause, patients are sometimes subjected to tests and treatments that may be unnecessary and potentially harmful. Mondor's disease is a rare but usually benign and self-limited entity characterized by thrombophlebitis in a specific region.
CASE REPORT
We report the clinical case of a 51-year-old man admitted to the emergency department with a 24-hour history of left chest pain with no other symptoms. Physical examination revealed a palpable subcutaneous cord-like structure that ultrasound confirmed to be thrombophlebitis of a superficial vein in the mammary region. Secondary causes were ruled out, and the condition resolved with ibuprofen and the application of local ice.
DISCUSSION
Mondor's disease can be associated with neoplasms, trauma or hyperviscosity states, but it is mostly idiopathic. Usually, it resolves completely in 4-8 weeks without specific treatment. Because this infrequent diagnosis mainly relies on clinical findings, it is important that clinicians can recognize the syndrome.
LEARNING POINTS
Mondor's disease is a rare but benign disease, with no proof that specific treatment, such as anticoagulation, is beneficial.It may be secondary to underlying disease as malignancy, vasculitis, trauma or hyperviscosity states, which should be excluded.Treatment in the majority of the cases is symptomatic, but if it is secondary Mondor's disease, the underlying problem should be investigated. Physicians should be aware of this condition in order to address patient concerns and avoid unnecessary treatments or investigations.
PubMed: 33457356
DOI: 10.12890/2020_001984 -
Clinical Practice and Cases in... Aug 2020A 30-year-old healthy male presented with a complaint of chest pain after mild thoracic trauma sustained while rescuing stranded flood victims during Hurricane Harvey....
CASE PRESENTATION
A 30-year-old healthy male presented with a complaint of chest pain after mild thoracic trauma sustained while rescuing stranded flood victims during Hurricane Harvey. Careful physical examination revealed a tender palpable cord along the lateral aspect of his chest consistent with a superficial thrombophlebitis.
DISCUSSION
Mondor's disease is a superficial thrombophlebitis with myriad underlying causes that can involve the thoracic wall. Although Mondor's disease has been well described in the literature, this case describes a unique presentation in an austere environment with blunt trauma as the underlying cause.
PubMed: 32926716
DOI: 10.5811/cpcem.2020.6.46961 -
Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis Jun 2022Isolated distal deep vein thrombosis (IDDVT) is presumed to be more benign than proximal DVT (PDVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE), suggesting a need for different... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
Isolated distal deep vein thrombosis (IDDVT) is presumed to be more benign than proximal DVT (PDVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE), suggesting a need for different management approaches. This subgroup analysis of the RE-COVERY DVT/PE global, observational study investigated patient characteristics, hospitalization details, and anticoagulant therapy in patients with IDDVT in real-world settings in 34 countries enrolled from January 2016 to May 2017. Data were analyzed descriptively according to the type and location of the index venous thromboembolism (VTE): IDDVT, PDVT ± distal DVT (DDVT), and PE ± DVT. Of the 6,095 eligible patients, 323 with DVT located outside the lower limb and no PE were excluded. Of the remaining 5,772 patients, 17.6% had IDDVT, 39.9% had PDVT ± DDVT, and 42.5% had PE ± DVT. IDDVT patients were younger and had fewer risk factors for VTE than the other groups. Other comorbidities were less frequent in the IDDVT group, except for varicose veins, superficial thrombophlebitis, and venous insufficiency. IDDVT patients were less likely to be diagnosed in an emergency department (22.3 vs. 29.7% for PDVT ± DDVT and 45.4% for PE ± DVT) or hospitalized for VTE (29.2 vs. 48.5% for PDVT ± DDVT and 75.0% for PE ± DVT). At hospital discharge or 14 days after diagnosis (whichever was later), non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants were the most commonly used anticoagulants (55.6% for IDDVT, 54.7% for PDVT ± DDVT, and 52.8% for PE ± DVT). Although differences in patient characteristics, risk factors, and clinical management were identified, anticoagulant treatment of IDDVT was almost equal to that of PDVT or PE. Prospective studies should investigate whether, in a global perspective, this is an appropriate use of anticoagulants.
Topics: Anticoagulants; Humans; Prospective Studies; Pulmonary Embolism; Recurrence; Risk Factors; Venous Thromboembolism; Venous Thrombosis
PubMed: 33971682
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729169 -
Evidence-based Complementary and... 2018Acute superficial thrombophlebitis is a venous system disease. Animal models with mannitol induced phlebitis were treated with an orally administered "phlebitis...
Acute superficial thrombophlebitis is a venous system disease. Animal models with mannitol induced phlebitis were treated with an orally administered "phlebitis ointment." 24 rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups. The therapy group was treated with "phlebitis ointment" and a control group received "Mai Luo Shu Tong granules." Levels of blood TNF-, IL-6, CRP, and IL-1 were measured. The tissue expression levels of NF-КBp65 and PKC genes were evaluated. The therapy group showed a better improvement of the clinical status and similar vascular morphology than the control group. A blank group showed no vascular changes through pathological investigation. In contrast, significant vascular changes were seen in the model group. The control group showed slight vascular modifications. Small thrombi could be found in the lumen despite the intact tunica intima. Both control and therapy group showed less inflammatory cells infiltration than the model group and upregulation of NF-КBp65 and PKC genes. The phlebitis ointment reduced the levels of necrosis factor-, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-1ß. The expressions of NF-КBp65 and PKC genes, which are the primary mechanisms underlying the development of thrombophlebitis, were improved significantly in tissues of both therapy group and control group.
PubMed: 29849699
DOI: 10.1155/2018/2983195 -
Journal of Medical Case Reports Apr 2021Mondor's disease of the breast (MDB) is a rare and benign disorder of the breast. It is characterized by thrombophlebitis of the superficial veins of the chest wall....
BACKGROUND
Mondor's disease of the breast (MDB) is a rare and benign disorder of the breast. It is characterized by thrombophlebitis of the superficial veins of the chest wall. Clinically, it manifests as a cord-like induration of the breast area. MDB resolves spontaneously without sequela.
CASE PRESENTATION
We report cases of three Caucasian African patients aged 29, 40 and 34, respectively. One patient was under progestative contraception. All the patients had a cord-like induration on the chest wall. Ultrasonography was performed in all patients and was normal in two cases and showed a thrombotic vein in one case. All the patients had symptomatic treatment with total resolution of symptoms within 1 to 4 weeks. No relapse was observed.
CONCLUSION
MDB is benign in most cases. However, it is not to be taken lightly, because it can be the manifestation of an underlying disease such as breast cancer. The diagnosis is based on clinical findings; ultrasonography can be helpful for the diagnosis. Treatment is based on analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs.
Topics: Adult; Breast; Breast Diseases; Humans; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Thrombophlebitis; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 33810810
DOI: 10.1186/s13256-021-02708-6 -
Journal of Ultrasonography Sep 2014This article has been prepared on the basis of the Ultrasonography Standards of the Polish Ultrasound Society (2011) and updated based on the latest findings and... (Review)
Review
This article has been prepared on the basis of the Ultrasonography Standards of the Polish Ultrasound Society (2011) and updated based on the latest findings and reports. Ultrasound examination of the lower extremity veins is relatively easy and commonly used to confirm or rule out venous thrombosis. However, a relatively easy compression test frequently requires experience, particularly in situations when imaging is difficult (due to lymphedema, dressing or thick tissues). The technique is time-consuming and requires assessment of each deep vein every 1 cm. Lesions in the deep veins cannot be ruled out when the vessels are assessed in only 2-3 points - a full examination is needed. The value of the method is the highest when the proximal section is assessed and the lowest when crural veins are evaluated. Doppler sonography is the basic method used when patients are prepared for a surgery of varicose veins. The assessment of the superficial veins prior to this procedure is tedious and requires knowledge of anatomy together with numerous variants. A considerable challenge is posed by re-assessment of recurrent varicose veins following a previous surgery. The Standards include anatomic nomenclature proposed by the Polish Society for Vascular Surgery and Polish Society of Phlebology, which should facilitate communication with clinicians. The most beneficial patient positions have been thoroughly discussed in terms of safety and effectiveness of the examination. Sometimes during such an examination, no venous pathology is found, but other changes with symptoms that suggest deep thrombophlebitis are detected. In such a situation, it is necessary to conduct an initial (or complete, if possible) assessment of lesions as well as provide recommendations connected with further, more detailed diagnosis.
PubMed: 26675992
DOI: 10.15557/JoU.2014.0029 -
International Journal of Surgery Case... 2016Mondor disease (MD), a superficial thrombophlebitis of the thoraco-epigastric veins and their confluents is rarely reported in the literature. The superior epigastric...
INTRODUCTION
Mondor disease (MD), a superficial thrombophlebitis of the thoraco-epigastric veins and their confluents is rarely reported in the literature. The superior epigastric vein is the most affected vessel but involvement of the inferior epigastric vessels or their branches have also been described. There is no universal consensus on treatment in the literature but most authors suggest symptomatic treatment with non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
CASE REPORT
We report the case of a marathon runner who presented with right iliac fossa pain mimicking the clinical symptomatology of an acute appendicitis. The history and the calculated Alvarado score were not in favor of an acute appendicitis. This situation motivated multiple investigations and we finally arrived at the diagnosis of MD.
DISCUSSION
Acute appendicitis (AA) is the most common cause of surgical emergencies and one of the most frequent indications for an urgent abdominal surgical procedure around the world. In some cases, right lower quadrant pain remains unclear in spite of US, CT scan, and exclusion of urological and gynecological causes, thus we need to think of some rare pathologies like MD.
CONCLUSION
MD is often mentioned in the differential diagnosis of breast pathologies but rarely in abdominal pain assessment. It should be mentioned in the differential diagnosis of the right lower quadrant pain when the clinical presentation is unclear and when acute appendicitis has been excluded. Awareness of MD can avoid misdiagnosis and decrease extra costs by sparing unnecessary imaging.
PubMed: 26803533
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2015.12.031 -
Journal of Vascular Surgery. Venous and... Sep 2020In foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins, ultrasound can track the spread of foam in only one direction. We hypothesized that using fluoroscopy in combination with...
OBJECTIVE
In foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins, ultrasound can track the spread of foam in only one direction. We hypothesized that using fluoroscopy in combination with ultrasound can reveal the spread of foam to deep veins through perforator veins and to other varicose veins in different directions. In this study, we examined the safety and effectiveness of ultrasound- and fluoroscopy-guided foam sclerotherapy for lower extremity venous ulcers.
METHODS
This retrospective study included all patients receiving ultrasound- and fluoroscopy-guided foam sclerotherapy for varicose ulcers (Clinical, Etiology, Anatomy, and Pathophysiology class 6) of the lower extremities at the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University (Zhenjiang, China) between May 1, 2016, and April 30, 2018. Polidocanol foam sclerosant was injected through indwelling needles (placed every 20 cm for saphenous veins and every 5-10 cm for others) into the varicose veins. When the contrast medium in the target vessels was replaced by the hypointense foam sclerosant or on signs of foam entry into the perforator veins under fluoroscopy, the injection was stopped and the site was manually pressed. All patients received postprocedure compression with elastic bandages until ulcer healing and compression stockings (30-40 mm Hg) thereafter.
RESULTS
A total of 35 patients (42 limbs) were included. The maximal ulcer diameter was 3.6 ± 1.4 cm (range, 1.1-5.8 cm). The number of injection sites ranged from 3 to 10; total foam amount ranged from 4.5 to 35 mL. All 35 patients completed 12-month follow-up. Ulcer healing rate was 100%, and 1-year recurrence rate was 2.9%. The Venous Clinical Severity Score was 12.98 ± 3.91 before treatment, decreasing to 3.02 ± 2.39 at 12 months (P < .01). Superficial thrombophlebitis developed in 21 (50%) limbs. No deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism was observed during follow-up. Among the 33 limbs (27 patients) with ultrasound examination at 12 months, 28 (84.8%) limbs had complete occlusion and the remaining 5 (15.2%) had recanalization.
CONCLUSIONS
Ultrasound- and fluoroscopy-guided foam sclerotherapy is safe and effective for the treatment of venous ulcers of the lower extremities.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Compression Bandages; Female; Fluoroscopy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Polidocanol; Radiography, Interventional; Retrospective Studies; Sclerosing Solutions; Sclerotherapy; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Ultrasonography, Interventional; Varicose Ulcer; Wound Healing
PubMed: 31917182
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.11.006 -
Zeitschrift Fur Rheumatologie May 2024Hughes-Stovin syndrome (HSS) is a systemic inflammatory condition of unknown origin that is considered to be part of the Behçet's syndrome (BS) spectrum. Recurrent... (Review)
Review
Hughes-Stovin syndrome (HSS) is a systemic inflammatory condition of unknown origin that is considered to be part of the Behçet's syndrome (BS) spectrum. Recurrent venous thrombosis and superficial thrombophlebitis in combination with bilateral pulmonary artery aneurysms (PAA) represent the hallmark of HSS. The diagnostic evaluation includes computed tomography pulmonary angiography to detect signs of pulmonary vasculitis. The management of HSS is based on the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) recommendations for BS and mainly comprises immunosuppressive therapy with glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide. In addition to drug therapy, PAA should be evaluated for interventional treatment. Spontaneous PAA rupture due to fragile vessel architecture can occur even in cases of remission and/or PAA regression.
Topics: Humans; Aneurysm; Behcet Syndrome; Diagnosis, Differential; Evidence-Based Medicine; Glucocorticoids; Immunosuppressive Agents; Pulmonary Artery; Thrombophlebitis; Treatment Outcome; Venous Thrombosis
PubMed: 37280333
DOI: 10.1007/s00393-023-01371-0 -
JAMA Surgery May 2022Endovenous thermal ablations (ETAs) are recommended as first-line treatment for truncal vein reflux, have a short recovery time, and are cost-effective. However, ETAs... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Pain Outcomes Following Mechanochemical Ablation vs Cyanoacrylate Adhesive for the Treatment of Primary Truncal Saphenous Vein Incompetence: The MOCCA Randomized Clinical Trial.
IMPORTANCE
Endovenous thermal ablations (ETAs) are recommended as first-line treatment for truncal vein reflux, have a short recovery time, and are cost-effective. However, ETAs are associated with discomfort during tumescent anesthesia infiltration. To minimize discomfort, nonthermal, nontumescent ablation techniques had emerged in the form of mechanochemical ablation (MOCA) and cyanoacrylate adhesive injection (CAE).
OBJECTIVE
To assess pain scores immediately after truncal ablation using a 100-mm visual analog scale and 10-point number scale to compare pain-related outcomes following mechanochemical ablation vs cyanoacrylate adhesive treatment.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
The Multicenter Randomized II Clinical Trial Comparing Mechanochemical Ablation vs Cyanoacrylate Adhesive for the Treatment of Primary Truncal Saphenous Veins Incompetence study was a prospective multicenter randomized clinical trial conducted at 3 sites between November 2017 and January 2020. Inclusion criteria were primary great or small saphenous varicose veins; exclusion criteria included recurrent varicose veins, current deep venous thrombosis, or serious arterial disease. There were 392 participants screened, 225 were excluded, and 167 participants underwent randomization. Four participants did not receive allocated intervention and were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. Follow-up took place at 2 weeks, and 3, 6, and 12 months.
INTERVENTIONS
Patients with primary truncal vein incompetence were randomized to receive either MOCA or CAE.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The primary outcome measure was pain score immediately after completing truncal ablation using a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) and a 10-point number scale. Secondary outcome measures included degree of ecchymosis, occlusion rates, clinical severity, and generic and disease-specific quality of life (QoL) scores.
RESULTS
Of 167 study participants, 99 (59.3%) were women, and the mean (SD) age was 56 (15.8) years. Overall, 155 truncal veins treated (92.8%) were great saphenous veins. Demographic data and baseline status were comparable between treatment groups. A total of 73 patients (47%) underwent adjunctive treatment of varicosities. Overall median (IQR) maximum pain score after truncal treatment was 23 mm (10-44) on the VAS and 3 (2-5) on the number scale, showing no significant difference in median (IQR) pain measured by VAS (MOCA, 24 [11.5-44.7] mm vs CAE, 20 [9.0-42.0] mm; P = .23) or by number scale (MOCA, 4 [2-5] vs CAE, 3 [2-4]; P = .18). Both groups demonstrated significant and comparable improvement in clinical severity, generic and disease-specific QoL scores, and complete occlusion rates. Four patients treated with CAE developed minor complications (superficial thrombophlebitis and thrombus extensions).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
To our knowledge, this was the first randomized clinical trial directly comparing nontumescent ablation techniques. The study demonstrated that the MOCA and CAE techniques have a similar periprocedural pain score.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03392753.
Topics: Adhesives; Cyanoacrylates; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pain; Prospective Studies; Quality of Life; Saphenous Vein; Treatment Outcome; Varicose Veins; Venous Insufficiency
PubMed: 35385061
DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2022.0298