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Allergology International : Official... Jan 2021Cholinergic urticaria (CholU) manifests small, itchy and/or painful wheals occurring upon perspiration and mechanically involving acetylcholine (Ach). Although a... (Review)
Review
Cholinergic urticaria (CholU) manifests small, itchy and/or painful wheals occurring upon perspiration and mechanically involving acetylcholine (Ach). Although a considerable number of studies have been conducted, the pathomechanisms underlying perspiration-associated release of histamine remain to be elucidated. We have proposed that CholU can be categorized into two major subtypes: Ach-indirectly induced, sweat allergic type and Ach-directly induced, depressed sweating type. In the former type, Ach evokes perspiration, and some sweat antigen(s) leaking from the sweat ducts to the dermis may stimulate mast cells to release histamine. In this scenario, the ducts might be damaged or obstructed for sweat leakage, and patients frequently exhibit positive autologous sweat skin test, representing "sweat allergy (hypersensitivity)". On the other hand, the latter Ach-mast cell directly interacting type, typically seen as "CholU with anhidrosis and/or hypohidrosis (CUAH)", eccrine sweat gland epithelial cells lack cholinergic receptor M3 expression. The expression of cholinergic receptors is completely absent in the anhidrotic areas and only slightly expressed in the hypohidrotic areas. In the hypohidrotic area, where pinpoint wheal occurs, it is hypothesized that released Ach cannot be completely trapped by cholinergic receptors of eccrine glands and overflows to the adjacent mast cells, leading to wheal formation. Thus, sweat allergy is not a requirement in this depressed sweating type. Although some additional complications, such as angioedema, anaphylaxis, and cold urticaria, have been documented, these two types represent the modes of action of Ach in this enigmatic urticaria.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Allergens; Biomarkers; Disease Susceptibility; Gene Expression Regulation; Histamine; Histamine Release; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Mast Cells; Receptors, Cholinergic; Skin Tests; Sweat; Urticaria
PubMed: 32565175
DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2020.05.006 -
ACS Applied Bio Materials Jan 2021The recent advent of biodegradable materials has offered huge opportunity to transform healthcare technologies by enabling sensors that degrade naturally after use. The... (Review)
Review
The recent advent of biodegradable materials has offered huge opportunity to transform healthcare technologies by enabling sensors that degrade naturally after use. The implantable electronic systems made from such materials eliminate the need for extraction or reoperation, minimize chronic inflammatory responses, and hence offer attractive propositions for future biomedical technology. The eco-friendly sensor systems developed from degradable materials could also help mitigate some of the major environmental issues by reducing the volume of electronic or medical waste produced and, in turn, the carbon footprint. With this background, herein we present a comprehensive overview of the structural and functional biodegradable materials that have been used for various biodegradable or bioresorbable electronic devices. The discussion focuses on the dissolution rates and degradation mechanisms of materials such as natural and synthetic polymers, organic or inorganic semiconductors, and hydrolyzable metals. The recent trend and examples of biodegradable or bioresorbable materials-based sensors for body monitoring, diagnostic, and medical therapeutic applications are also presented. Lastly, key technological challenges are discussed for clinical application of biodegradable sensors, particularly for implantable devices with wireless data and power transfer. Promising perspectives for the advancement of future generation of biodegradable sensor systems are also presented.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Biopolymers; Body Temperature; Breath Tests; Electrodes, Implanted; Humans; Monitoring, Physiologic; Pressure; Semiconductors; Sweat
PubMed: 33842859
DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01139 -
Journal of the Royal Society, Interface Oct 2019The state-of-the-art in wearable flexible sensors (WFSs) for sweat analyte detection was investigated. Recent advances show the development of integrated, mechanically... (Review)
Review
The state-of-the-art in wearable flexible sensors (WFSs) for sweat analyte detection was investigated. Recent advances show the development of integrated, mechanically flexible and multiplexed sensor systems with on-site circuitry for signal processing and wireless data transmission. When compared with single-analyte sensors, such devices provide an opportunity to more accurately analyse analytes that are dependent on other parameters (such as sweat rate and pH) by improving calibration from real-time analysis, while maintaining a lightweight and wearable design. Important health conditions can be monitored and on-demand regulating drugs can be delivered using integrated wearable systems but require correlation verification between sweat and blood measurements using validation tests before any clinical application can be considered. Improvements are necessary for device sensitivity, accuracy and repeatability to provide more reliable and personalized continuous measurements. With rapid recent development, it can be concluded that non-invasive WFSs for sweat analysis have only skimmed the surface of their health monitoring potential and further significant advancement is sure to be made in the medical field.
Topics: Humans; Monitoring, Physiologic; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Sweat; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 31594525
DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0217 -
Pneumonologia I Alergologia Polska 2015
Topics: Fear; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Sweat
PubMed: 25754050
DOI: 10.5603/PiAP.2015.0016 -
American Family Physician Jun 2018
Topics: Antiperspirants; Diagnostic Self Evaluation; Humans; Hyperhidrosis; Sweating
PubMed: 30215948
DOI: No ID Found -
Maturitas Dec 2023The huge impact of climate change on humankind is multidimensional, and includes direct and indirect challenges to the physical, psychological and socio-cultural... (Review)
Review
The huge impact of climate change on humankind is multidimensional, and includes direct and indirect challenges to the physical, psychological and socio-cultural wellbeing. Women may be more vulnerable to climate-sensitive diseases, but little attention has been paid to specific needs and challenges associated with the menopause transition. The increase in average and extreme temperatures may modulate the manifestation of vasomotor symptoms; in particular, environmental temperature and seasonality may affect hot flushes and night sweats. However, more research is needed to define the impact of climate-related factors among the determinants influencing the individual experience of menopause. In addition, increased exposure to environmental pollution and toxins may also have a role in the modulation of ovarian aging mechanisms, possibly influencing timing of menopause. Finally, both air pollution and menopause transition are associated with unfavorable modifications of cardio-metabolic, bone and cognitive health, and account should be taken of these in the evaluation of the individual woman's health vulnerabilities. Overall, the evidence reported in this narrative review supports the need for specific strategies aimed at reducing the burden of climate and environmental change on menopausal women. Healthcare providers should promote behavioral measures that reduce anthropogenic climate change and at the same time have a beneficial role on several domains of physical and psychological wellbeing. From this perspective, menopause represents a golden moment to implement virtuous behaviors that will benefit at the same time women's longevity and the planet.
Topics: Female; Humans; Menopause; Hot Flashes; Women's Health; Sweating
PubMed: 37634295
DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.107825 -
Biosensors Jun 2023Flexible and wearable biosensors have received tremendous attention over the past decade owing to their great potential applications in the field of health and medicine.... (Review)
Review
Flexible and wearable biosensors have received tremendous attention over the past decade owing to their great potential applications in the field of health and medicine. Wearable biosensors serve as an ideal platform for real-time and continuous health monitoring, which exhibit unique properties such as self-powered, lightweight, low cost, high flexibility, detection convenience, and great conformability. This review introduces the recent research progress in wearable biosensors. First of all, the biological fluids often detected by wearable biosensors are proposed. Then, the existing micro-nanofabrication technologies and basic characteristics of wearable biosensors are summarized. Then, their application manners and information processing are also highlighted in the paper. Massive cutting-edge research examples are introduced such as wearable physiological pressure sensors, wearable sweat sensors, and wearable self-powered biosensors. As a significant content, the detection mechanism of these sensors was detailed with examples to help readers understand this area. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives are proposed to push this research area forward and expand practical applications in the future.
Topics: Wearable Electronic Devices; Biosensing Techniques; Sweat; Monitoring, Physiologic
PubMed: 37366995
DOI: 10.3390/bios13060630 -
Advanced Science (Weinheim,... Sep 2022This work demonstrates ionic liquid electrolyte-inscribed sweat-based dual electrolyte functioning supercapacitors capable of self-charging through sweat electrolyte...
This work demonstrates ionic liquid electrolyte-inscribed sweat-based dual electrolyte functioning supercapacitors capable of self-charging through sweat electrolyte function under a non-enzymatic route. The supercapacitor electrodes are fabricated from TREN (tris(2-aminoethyl)amine), poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, and a graphene oxide mixture with copper-mediated chelate, and this polymer-GO-metal chelate film can produce excellent energy harvest/storage performance from a sweat and ionic liquid integrated electrolyte system. The fabricated device is specifically designed to reduce deterioration using a typical planar structure. In the presence of sweat with ionic liquid, the dual electrolyte mode supercapacitor exhibits a maximum areal capacitance of 3600 mF cm , and the energy density is 450 mWhcm , which is more than 100 times greater than that from previously reported supercapacitors. The supercapacitors were fabricated/attached directly to textile fabrics as well as ITO-PET (Indium tin oxide (ITO)-polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film to study their performance on the human body during exercise. The self-charging performance with respect to sweat wetting time for the sweat@ionic liquid dual electrolyte showed that the supercapacitor performed well on both fabric and film. These devices exhibited good response for pH effect and biocompatibility, and as such present a promising multi-functional energy system as a stable power source for next-generation wearable smart electronics.
Topics: Electric Capacitance; Electrodes; Humans; Ionic Liquids; Sweat; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 35810477
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201890 -
Nature Reviews. Chemistry Dec 2022Biomarkers are crucial biological indicators in medical diagnostics and therapy. However, the process of biomarker discovery and validation is hindered by a lack of... (Review)
Review
Biomarkers are crucial biological indicators in medical diagnostics and therapy. However, the process of biomarker discovery and validation is hindered by a lack of standardized protocols for analytical studies, storage and sample collection. Wearable chemical sensors provide a real-time, non-invasive alternative to typical laboratory blood analysis, and are an effective tool for exploring novel biomarkers in alternative body fluids, such as sweat, saliva, tears and interstitial fluid. These devices may enable remote at-home personalized health monitoring and substantially reduce the healthcare costs. This Review introduces criteria, strategies and technologies involved in biomarker discovery using wearable chemical sensors. Electrochemical and optical detection techniques are discussed, along with the materials and system-level considerations for wearable chemical sensors. Lastly, this Review describes how the large sets of temporal data collected by wearable sensors, coupled with modern data analysis approaches, would open the door for discovering new biomarkers towards precision medicine.
Topics: Wearable Electronic Devices; Biosensing Techniques; Body Fluids; Sweat; Biomarkers
PubMed: 37117704
DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00439-w -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022Sweat analysis offers non-invasive real-time on-body measurement for wearable sensors. However, there are still gaps in current developed sweat-sensing devices (SSDs)... (Review)
Review
Sweat analysis offers non-invasive real-time on-body measurement for wearable sensors. However, there are still gaps in current developed sweat-sensing devices (SSDs) regarding the concerns of mixing fresh and old sweat and real-time measurement, which are the requirements to ensure accurate the measurement of wearable devices. This review paper discusses these limitations by aiding model designs, features, performance, and the device operation for exploring the SSDs used in different sweat collection tools, focusing on continuous and non-continuous flow sweat analysis. In addition, the paper also comprehensively presents various sweat biomarkers that have been explored by earlier works in order to broaden the use of non-invasive sweat samples in healthcare and related applications. This work also discusses the target analyte's response mechanism for different sweat compositions, categories of sweat collection devices, and recent advances in SSDs regarding optimal design, functionality, and performance.
Topics: Biomarkers; Biosensing Techniques; Monitoring, Physiologic; Sweat; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 36236769
DOI: 10.3390/s22197670