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Diseases of Aquatic Organisms Feb 2016Use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as probiotics may provide an alternative to the use of antibiotics in aquaculture. LAB strains isolated from wild fish viscera and skin...
Use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as probiotics may provide an alternative to the use of antibiotics in aquaculture. LAB strains isolated from wild fish viscera and skin were evaluated for bacteriocin production and safety aspects (lack of antibiotic resistance, production of virulence factors). 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed the presence of Enterococcus faecium (13 isolates) and Lactococcus lactis (3 isolates) from fish samples. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analyses of the 13 enterococci isolates showed that they were all clustered, with greater than 95% similarity. However, RAPD analysis revealed significant molecular diversity between enterococci strains. Six enterococci strains were chosen and evaluated for their antibacterial activities. These strains produced a bacteriocin-like substance and exhibited a broad spectrum of inhibition against pathogenic bacteria isolated from diseased fish, including Streptococcus parauberis, Vagococcus spp., and Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, and in particular against the Gram-negative bacteria Flavobacterium frigidarium, Vibrio pectenicida, V. penaeicida, and Photobacterium damselae. The inhibition activity towards bacterial indicator strains was at a maximum when bacteria were grown at 37°C. However, bacteriocin production was observed at 15°C after 12 h of incubation. Only structural genes of enterocins A and B were detected by PCR in the 6 enterococci strains, suggesting the production of these enterocins. In addition, these strains did not harbor any virulence factors or any significant antibiotic resistance, and they tolerated bile. Our results suggest that enterococci are an important part of the bacterial flora of fish and that some strains have the potential to be used as probiotics.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriocins; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Enterococcus; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Hot Temperature; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 26865233
DOI: 10.3354/dao02953 -
PloS One 2017The housefly feeds and reproduces in animal manure and decaying organic substances and thus lives in intimate association with various microorganisms including human...
The housefly feeds and reproduces in animal manure and decaying organic substances and thus lives in intimate association with various microorganisms including human pathogens. In order to understand the variation and association between bacteria and the housefly, we used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to describe bacterial communities of 90 individual houseflies collected within and between ten dairy farms in Denmark. Analysis of gene sequences showed that the most abundant classes of bacteria found across all sites included Bacilli, Clostridia, Actinobacteria, Flavobacteria, and all classes of Proteobacteria and at the genus level the most abundant genera included Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Vagococcus, Weissella, Lactococcus, and Aerococcus. Comparison of the microbiota of houseflies revealed a highly diverse microbiota compared to other insect species and with most variation in species richness and diversity found between individuals, but not locations. Our study is the first in-depth amplicon sequencing study of the housefly microbiota, and collectively shows that the microbiota of single houseflies is highly diverse and differs between individuals likely to reflect the lifestyle of the housefly. We suggest that these results should be taken into account when addressing the transmission of pathogens by the housefly and assessing the vector competence variation under natural conditions.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Biodiversity; Farms; Houseflies; Microbiota; Phylogeny; Principal Component Analysis; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 28081167
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169753 -
European Review For Medical and... Apr 2020Currently, the therapeutic effect on patients with liver cancer is associated with disease development. Meanwhile, the efficacy in patients with advanced liver cancer is...
OBJECTIVE
Currently, the therapeutic effect on patients with liver cancer is associated with disease development. Meanwhile, the efficacy in patients with advanced liver cancer is far from satisfactory. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the association of disease condition with changes in liver function indexes, intestinal flora, and plasma endotoxin (ET) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in patients with liver cancer.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
A total of 300 patients with primary liver cancer in our hospital were enrolled in this study. All patients were divided into three groups, including early liver cancer group, middle liver cancer group, and advanced liver cancer group. Peripheral blood was collected from each subject to detect liver function indexes, procalcitonin (PCT), plasma ET, and VEGF levels. Furthermore, mid-posterior-segment stools were collected from 15 cases in each group, and sent to the company for detection of intestinal flora.
RESULTS
Liver function indexes in peripheral blood of patients with liver cancer changed with the changes in disease condition. With the progression of liver cancer, the level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased significantly, and the highest was observed in advanced liver cancer patients [(91.18±10.34) U/L] (p=0.046). However, the level of plasma total protein declined significantly, which was (24.83±1.75) g/L in advanced liver cancer patients (p=0.035). The changes in total bilirubin were significantly associated with the progression of liver cancer (p=0.003). The abundance of Clostridiales, Firmicutes, and Streptococcus in the intestinal tract was high in early liver cancer group. The abundance of Ruminococcaceae, Pasteurellaceae, Tanticharoenia, and Vagococcus in the intestinal tract was high in middle liver cancer group. Meanwhile, the abundance of Bifidobacteriales, Actinobacteria, Barnesiella, Porphyromonadaceae, and Pseudomonadales in the intestinal tract was high in advanced liver cancer group. In patients with liver cancer, the level of Enterobacteriaceae was positively correlated with that of Firmicutes (r=0.36, p=0.003), whereas it was negatively correlated with Lactobacillus (r=-0.72, p=0.021). The level of Lactobacillus was positively correlated with that of Ruminococcaceae (r=0.39, p=0.043), whereas it was negatively correlated with that of Firmicutes (r=-0.27, p=0.019). In addition, the level of PCT markedly rose in advanced liver cancer group [(6.89±0.35) ng/mL] (p=0.021). The level of ET increased significantly with the development of liver cancer, with the highest level observed in advanced liver cancer group [(0.71±0.09) EU/mL] (p=0.004). The level of VEGF also increased remarkably with the aggravation of liver cancer, and the highest was found in advanced liver cancer group [(112.33±2.11) μmol/L], showing differences among groups (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
With the progression of liver cancer, the abundance of Barnesiella, etc., rose and that of Ruminococcaceae, etc., declined in the intestinal tract. Meanwhile, the composition of intestinal flora was changed, and the levels of plasma ET and VEGF increased.
Topics: Endotoxins; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
PubMed: 32329835
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202004_20822 -
Folia Microbiologica Apr 2022This work aimed to identify the key members of the bacterial community growing on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fillets during chilled storage with next-generation...
This work aimed to identify the key members of the bacterial community growing on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fillets during chilled storage with next-generation sequencing (NGS) and cultivation-dependent methods. Carp fillets were stored for 96 h at 2 °C and 6 °C with and without a vacuum package, and an additional frozen-thawed storage experiment was set for 120 days. Community profiles of the initial and stored fish samples were determined by amplicon sequencing. Conventional microbial methods were used parallelly for the enumeration and cultivation of the dominant members of the microbial community. Cultivated bacteria were identified with 16S rRNA sequencing and the MALDI-TOF MS method. Based on our results, the vacuum package greatly affected the diversity and composition of the forming microbial community, while temperature influenced the cell counts and consequently the microbiological criteria for shelf-life of the examined raw fish product. Next-generation sequencing revealed novel members of the chilled flesh microbiota such as Vagococcus vulneris or Rouxiella chamberiensis in the vacuum-packed samples. With traditional cultivation, 161 bacterial strains were isolated and identified at the species level, but the identified bacteria overlapped with only 45% of the dominant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) revealed by NGS. Next-generation sequencing is a promising and highly reliable tool recommended to reach a higher resolution of the forming microbial community of stored fish products. Knowledge of the initial microbial community of the flesh enables further optimization and development of processing and storage technology.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Carps; Food Microbiology; Food Storage; Microbiota; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Seafood
PubMed: 34877630
DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00935-4 -
Microorganisms Jul 2023A large variety of cheeses can be produced using different manufacturing processes and various starter or adjunct cultures. In this study, we have described the...
A large variety of cheeses can be produced using different manufacturing processes and various starter or adjunct cultures. In this study, we have described the succession of the microbial population during the commercial production and subsequent ripening of smear-ripened cheese using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The composition of the microbiota during the first 6 days of production was constant and consisted mainly of LAB (lactic acid bacteria) originating from the starter culture. From day 7, the proportion of LAB decreased as other bacteria from the production environment appeared. From the 14th day of production, the relative proportion of LAB decreased further, and at the end of ripening, bacteria from the environment wholly dominated. These adventitious microbiota included , /, , and (Proteobacteria phylum), as well as and (Firmicutes phylum), (Fusobacteria phylum), and (Campylobacterota phylum), all of which appeared to be characteristic taxa associated with the cheese rind. Subsequent analysis showed that the production and ripening of smear-ripened cheese could be divided into three stages, and that the microbiota compositions of samples from the first week of production, the second week of production, and supermarket shelf life all differed.
PubMed: 37512907
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071735 -
Toxics Jul 2023Black soldier fly () larvae (BSFL) possess remarkable antibiotic degradation abilities due to their robust intestinal microbiota. However, the response mechanism of BSFL...
Comparative Metagenomic and Metatranscriptomic Analyses Reveal the Response of Black Soldier Fly () Larvae Intestinal Microbes and Reduction Mechanisms to High Concentrations of Tetracycline.
Black soldier fly () larvae (BSFL) possess remarkable antibiotic degradation abilities due to their robust intestinal microbiota. However, the response mechanism of BSFL intestinal microbes to the high concentration of antibiotic stress remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the shift in BSFL gut microbiome and the functional genes that respond to 1250 mg/kg of tetracycline via metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analysis, respectively. The bio-physiological phenotypes showed that the survival rate of BSFL was not affected by tetracycline, while the biomass and substrate consumption of BSFL was slightly reduced. Natural BSFL achieved a 20% higher tetracycline degradation rate than the germ-free BSFL after 8 days of rearing. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequencing results revealed the differences between the entire and active microbiome. Metatranscriptomic analysis indicated that , , , and were the active genera that responded to tetracycline. Furthermore, based on the active functional genes that responded to tetracycline pressure, the response mechanisms of BSFL intestinal microbes were speculated as follows: the family that mediates the expression of efflux pumps expel tetracycline out of the microbes, while and release it from the ribosome. Eventually, tetracycline was degraded by deacetylases and novel enzymes. Overall, this study provides novel insights about the active intestinal microbes and their functional genes in insects responding to the high concentration of antibiotics.
PubMed: 37505576
DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070611 -
Food Science and Biotechnology Sep 2021Sufu is a common solid-state traditional fermented food made from soybean. Huase sufu is a typical type found in several provinces of China, especially in Hubei....
UNLABELLED
Sufu is a common solid-state traditional fermented food made from soybean. Huase sufu is a typical type found in several provinces of China, especially in Hubei. However, little is known about the bacterial community. High-throughput sequencing technology revealed that the dominant taxa at phylum level were: Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroides, and at the genus level were: , , , etc. Additionally, LEfSe revealed that compared with the bacterial community of red sufu and white sufu, the biomarker genera for both huase sufu were , and . Moreover, there were twenty-eight hubs for the huase sufu samples, and four of them were dominant genera: , , , . These results provide a new insight into our understanding of the bacterial diversity of huase sufu, and will facilitate the isolation, screening, and development potential bacterial strains for production of huase sufu.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-021-00963-3.
PubMed: 34603822
DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-00963-3 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Dec 2021In times of massive biodiversity loss and ongoing environmental crises, it is extremely important to ensure long-term conservation efforts of threatened species like...
In times of massive biodiversity loss and ongoing environmental crises, it is extremely important to ensure long-term conservation efforts of threatened species like Eurasian otters (). To gain insights into the status of Northern Germany's otter population, 92 otters found dead in Schleswig-Holstein between 2015-2020 were collected and underwent detailed dissection with the aim to establish a monitoring program for this population. Examinations followed a protocol especially designed for otters, including various biological data assessments and extended sampling. The finding sites showed a clear concentration in the Continental region. Seasonal concentration differed among the years, yet peaks were seen from fall to winter. Overall, more males than females were found, although this differed among the years. The majority of otters that could be aged were between 1-3 years. Placental scars and pregnancy were recorded in only few females. Nutritional status was good in most cases. Infectious diseases found included , , and spp. A major cause of death was roadkill. Known sample bias in studies focusing on roadkill was considered in the finding interpretation. Continuation of the population health investigations is mandatory to analyze potential trends and to establish an actual monitoring program for Eurasian otters in Schleswig-Holstein.
PubMed: 35011165
DOI: 10.3390/ani12010059 -
Microorganisms Mar 2024Gut microbes play a vital role in the health and disease of animals, especially in relation to pathogen infections. Chinchillas, ferrets, and marmots are commonly used...
Gut microbes play a vital role in the health and disease of animals, especially in relation to pathogen infections. Chinchillas, ferrets, and marmots are commonly used as important laboratory animals for infectious disease research. Here, we studied the bacterial and fungal microbiota and discovered that chinchillas had higher alpha diversity and a higher abundance of bacteria compared to marmots and ferrets by using the metabarcoding of 16S rRNA genes and ITS2, coupled with co-occurrence network analysis. The dominant microbes varied significantly among the three animal species, particularly in the gut mycobiota. In the ferrets, the feces were dominated by yeast such as and , while in the , we found and dominating, and , , and in the marmots. Nevertheless, the dominant bacterial genera shared some similarities, such as and across the three animal species. However, there were significant differences observed, such as and in the ferrets, and in the chinchillas, and and in the marmots. Additionally, our differential analysis revealed significant differences in classification levels among the three different animal species, as well as variations in feeding habitats that resulted in distinct contributions from the host microbiome. Therefore, our data are valuable for monitoring and evaluating the impacts of the microbiome, as well as considering potential applications.
PubMed: 38674591
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040646 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology May 2016During a previous study concerning brown shrimp (Crangon crangon), selective streptomycin thallous acetate actidione (STAA) agar was used to determine the growth of...
Spoilage potential of Vagococcus salmoninarum in preservative-free, MAP-stored brown shrimp and differentiation from Brochothrix thermosphacta on streptomycin thallous acetate actidione agar.
AIMS
During a previous study concerning brown shrimp (Crangon crangon), selective streptomycin thallous acetate actidione (STAA) agar was used to determine the growth of Brochothrix thermosphacta. However, the growth of Vagococcus salmoninarum on this medium was also noticed. This study explores the spoilage potential of this organism when inoculated on sterile shrimp.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Isolates growing on STAA were identified using (GTG)5 clustering followed by partial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Their biochemical spoilage potential was analysed for H2 S production and enzymatic activities were tested using an APIZYM test. Headspace solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyse the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced during storage of inoculated shrimp.
CONCLUSION
Fifty-five per cent of isolates taken from STAA could be identified as V. salmoninarum, while no apparent morphological difference with B. thermosphacta isolates was identified upon the prescribed incubation conditions. For isolates identified as V. salmoninarum, production of 2-heptanone, 2-nonanone, 2-undecanone was found, as was the possibility to form H2 S.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
When using the STAA medium for detecting B. thermosphacta, one should consider the possible abundant presence of V. salmoninarum as well. Based on this study, V. salmoninarum does not exhibit great spoilage potential, although it can produce H2 S and formed VOCs which are also found in other spoiled seafood products.
Topics: Agar; Animals; Brochothrix; Cycloheximide; Enterococcaceae; Food Contamination; Food Packaging; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Ketones; Organometallic Compounds; Penaeidae; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Seafood; Shellfish; Streptomycin; Volatile Organic Compounds
PubMed: 26913473
DOI: 10.1111/jam.13107