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Annual Review of Physiology Feb 2022The use of electronic (e)-cigarettes was initially considered a beneficial solution to conventional cigarette smoking cessation. However, paradoxically, e-cigarette use... (Review)
Review
The use of electronic (e)-cigarettes was initially considered a beneficial solution to conventional cigarette smoking cessation. However, paradoxically, e-cigarette use is rapidly growing among nonsmokers, including youth and young adults. In 2019, this rapid growth resulted in an epidemic of hospitalizations and deaths of e-cigarette users (vapers) due to acute lung injury; this novel disease was termed e-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury (EVALI). Pathophysiologic mechanisms of EVALI likely involve cytotoxicity and neutrophilic inflammation caused by inhaled chemicals, but further details remain unknown. The undiscovered mechanisms of EVALI are a barrier to identifying biomarkers and developing therapeutics. Furthermore, adverse effects of e-cigarette use have been linked to chronic lung diseases and systemic effects on multiple organs. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the diverse spectrum of vaping exposures, epidemiological and clinical reports, and experimental findings to provide a better understanding of EVALI and the adverse health effects of chronic e-cigarette exposure.
Topics: Adolescent; Biomarkers; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Humans; Lung Injury; Pneumonia; Vaping; Young Adult
PubMed: 34724436
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-061121-040014 -
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Dec 2019Vaping devices, introduced to the US market in 2007 as aids for smoking cessation, have become popular among youth and young adults because of their enticing flavors and... (Review)
Review
Vaping devices, introduced to the US market in 2007 as aids for smoking cessation, have become popular among youth and young adults because of their enticing flavors and perceived lack of negative health effects. However, evidence is emerging that vaping may introduce high levels of dangerous chemicals into the body and cause severe lung injury and death. This article reviews the history and prevalence of vaping and available research on its health effects and efficacy in smoking cessation, and proposes recommendations for clinicians and legislators to reduce harms associated with vaping.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Behavior, Addictive; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Humans; United States; Vaping
PubMed: 31821136
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.86a.19118 -
Cancer Causes & Control : CCC Jul 2020This article is a timely, concise, and unbiased analysis of the national and international responses to the spate of vaping-related lung illnesses and deaths and the... (Review)
Review
This article is a timely, concise, and unbiased analysis of the national and international responses to the spate of vaping-related lung illnesses and deaths and the epidemic of teen vaping. In view of the recent outbreak of vaping-related lung injuries and deaths in the USA and the epidemic of teen vaping, the viewpoints and recommendations presented in this article have immediate policy implications in the USA and around the world. The perspectives and recommendations are expected to assist medical communities, public health professionals, and regulatory authorities in addressing complex issues related to vaping regulation, which are intertwined with public health, economy, and politics of nations, worldwide.
Topics: Adolescent; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Humans; Public Health; Smoking; Smoking Prevention; United States; Vaping
PubMed: 32363571
DOI: 10.1007/s10552-020-01307-y -
Annual Review of Pharmacology and... Jan 2022Since the spread of tobacco from the Americas hundreds of years ago, tobacco cigarettes and, more recently, alternative tobacco products have become global products of... (Review)
Review
Since the spread of tobacco from the Americas hundreds of years ago, tobacco cigarettes and, more recently, alternative tobacco products have become global products of nicotine addiction. Within the evolving alternative tobacco product space, electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) vaping has surpassed conventional cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults in the United States and beyond. This review describes the experimental and clinical evidence of e-cigarette toxicity and deleterious health effects. Adverse health effects related to e-cigarette aerosols are influenced by several factors, including e-liquid components, physical device factors, chemical changes related to heating, and health of the e-cigarette user (e.g., asthmatic). Federal, state, and local regulations have attempted to govern e-cigarette flavors, manufacturing, distribution, and availability, particularly to underaged youths. However, the evolving e-cigarette landscape continues to impede timely toxicological studies and hinder progress made toward our understanding of the long-term health consequence of e-cigarettes.
Topics: Adolescent; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Humans; Tobacco Products; United States; Vaping; Young Adult
PubMed: 34555289
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-042921-084202 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Mar 2022Since commercial development in 2003, the usage of modern electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) continues to increase amongst people who have never smoked, ex-smokers who... (Review)
Review
Since commercial development in 2003, the usage of modern electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) continues to increase amongst people who have never smoked, ex-smokers who have switched to e-cigarettes, and dual-users of both conventional cigarettes and e-cigarettes. With such an increase in use, knowledge of the irritative, toxic and potential carcinogenic effects on the lungs is increasing. This review article will discuss the background of e-cigarettes, vaping devices and explore their popularity. We will further summarise the available literature describing the mechanism of lung injury caused by e-cigarette or vaping use.
Topics: Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Humans; Lung Injury; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Products; Vaping
PubMed: 35334588
DOI: 10.3390/medicina58030412 -
Virchows Archiv : An International... Jan 2021The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems has increased in popularity dramatically over the past decade. Although lung diseases caused by vaping have been reported... (Review)
Review
The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems has increased in popularity dramatically over the past decade. Although lung diseases caused by vaping have been reported since the modern invention of the electronic cigarette, in the summer of 2019, patients began to present to health care centers at epidemic levels with an acute respiratory illness relating to vaping, which the Center for Disease Control termed E-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). This review discusses electronic nicotine delivery systems as well as the etiology, clinical presentation, imaging findings, pathologic features, treatment, and long-term consequences of EVALI. We conclude with the practical impact EVALI has had on the practice of pathology.
Topics: Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Humans; Lung Injury; Vaping
PubMed: 33106908
DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02943-0 -
Pharmacology & Therapeutics Sep 2021Vaping is the process of inhaling and exhaling an aerosol produced by an e-cigarette, vape pen, or personal aerosolizer. When the device contains nicotine, the Food and... (Review)
Review
Vaping is the process of inhaling and exhaling an aerosol produced by an e-cigarette, vape pen, or personal aerosolizer. When the device contains nicotine, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lists the product as an electronic nicotine delivery system or ENDS device. Similar electronic devices can be used to vape cannabis extracts. Over the past decade, the vaping market has increased exponentially, raising health concerns over the number of people exposed and a nationwide outbreak of cases of severe, sometimes fatal, lung dysfunction that arose suddenly in otherwise healthy individuals. In this review, we discuss the various vaping technologies, which are remarkably diverse, and summarize the use prevalence in the U.S. over time by youths and adults. We examine the complex chemistry of vape carrier solvents, flavoring chemicals, and transformation products. We review the health effects from epidemiological and laboratory studies and, finally, discuss the proposed mechanisms underlying some of these health effects. We conclude that since much of the research in this area is recent and vaping technologies are dynamic, our understanding of the health effects is insufficient. With the rapid growth of ENDS use, consumers and regulatory bodies need a better understanding of constituent-dependent toxicity to guide product use and regulatory decisions.
Topics: Chemistry; Humans; Toxicology; Vaping
PubMed: 33753133
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107837 -
Current Opinion in Pediatrics Jun 2020This review highlights epidemiologic changes in e-cigarette use in adolescents, discusses recent advances in aerosolized nicotine delivery, and provides and updated... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review highlights epidemiologic changes in e-cigarette use in adolescents, discusses recent advances in aerosolized nicotine delivery, and provides and updated profile of research related to the lung-specific harm of e-cigarettes.
RECENT FINDINGS
In the past decade, nicotine-containing e-cigarettes have emerged as the most popular tobacco and nicotine delivery modality among adolescents in the United States. The surge in popularity of these devices has coincided with an outbreak of vaping-related lung injury, bringing e-cigarette use to national attention, and creating a great deal of confusion regarding their potential for respiratory harm. Newer pod-based devices and formulations of e-liquids have resulted in products appeal to youth and deliver nicotine with increasing efficiency. E-liquid aerosols are associated with direct harm to respiratory epithelium and have been shown to alter pulmonary function, inflammation, mucociliary clearance, and lung histology.
SUMMARY
Although the long-term harms of regular e-cigarette use are unknown, numerous studies including early longitudinal data suggest e-cigarette use is associated with incidence of respiratory disease, independent of concurrent traditional cigarette use. Improved understanding and recognition of harm will contribute to the basis of further studies examining the role of e-cigarettes on chronic respiratory disease and will inform future prevention education.
Topics: Adolescent; Disease Outbreaks; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Female; Humans; Lung Injury; Male; Nicotine; Respiratory Tract Diseases; United States; Vaping
PubMed: 32332328
DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000896 -
Circulation Journal : Official Journal... Sep 2019Tobacco smoking continues to be a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the leading avoidable cause of death worldwide. Tobacco smoking has declined in... (Review)
Review
Tobacco smoking continues to be a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the leading avoidable cause of death worldwide. Tobacco smoking has declined in high-income countries, but the average smoking rate in Japan remains high: 29.4% for men and 7.2% for women in 2017. Of note, the average smoking rate among middle-aged men remains approximately 40%, indicating that a high incidence of smoking-related CVD will continue for a couple of decades in Japan. The adverse effects of tobacco smoking on CVD are more extensive than previously thought. Physicians should be particularly alert to the development and progression of heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and venous thromboembolism, as well as ischemic CVD among tobacco smokers. Increasing use of heat-not-burn tobacco as cigarette alternatives is an emerging issue. Harmful effects do not disappear just by changing the delivery system of tobacco.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular System; Consumer Product Safety; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Humans; Incidence; Prevalence; Prognosis; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Tobacco Smoking; Vaping
PubMed: 31462607
DOI: 10.1253/circj.CJ-19-0323 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Jun 2021While tobacco cigarette smoking has been proven to be a risk factor for periodontitis, limited information is available regarding vaping, a new alternative to smoking... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
While tobacco cigarette smoking has been proven to be a risk factor for periodontitis, limited information is available regarding vaping, a new alternative to smoking that has been branded as less harmful. Several important in vitro studies have shown that vaping has a similarly damaging effect as cigarette smoking on the health of the periodontium. However, a comprehensive review is lacking in this field. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review the literature about the impact of vaping on periodontitis.
METHODS
The research question was created using the PICOs format. A systematic search of the following electronic databases was performed up to March 2020: Medline, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane, and grey literature. Human studies that assessed periodontal status (plaque index, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment loss, marginal bone loss, and probing depth) in e-cigarette users compared to non-smokers (control group) were assessed based on an estimate of fixed effects. The weights of the studies were calculated based on their risks of bias.
RESULTS
After duplicates were removed, 1,659 studies were screened and 8 case-control studies that investigated the relationship between vaping and periodontal parameters in humans were selected after their risk of bias assessment. Estimated effects of vaping after weighting results based on their standard deviation showed increased plaque, marginal bone loss, clinical attachment loss, pocket depth, and reduced bleeding on probing.
CONCLUSION
This study concluded that there is not enough evidence to fully characterize the impacts of vaping on periodontitis. However, within the limitations of our review and the selected included studies, the available results point to increased destruction of the periodontium leading to the development of the disease.
Topics: Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Humans; Periodontitis; Smokers; Smoking; Vaping
PubMed: 33274850
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.360