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The Journal of Pathology Jan 2015Varicelloviruses in primates comprise the prototypic human varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and its non-human primate homologue, simian varicella virus (SVV). Both viruses... (Review)
Review
Varicelloviruses in primates comprise the prototypic human varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and its non-human primate homologue, simian varicella virus (SVV). Both viruses cause varicella as a primary infection, establish latency in ganglionic neurons and reactivate later in life to cause herpes zoster in their respective hosts. VZV is endemic worldwide and, although varicella is usually a benign disease in childhood, VZV reactivation is a significant cause of neurological disease in the elderly and in immunocompromised individuals. The pathogenesis of VZV infection remains ill-defined, mostly due to the species restriction of VZV that impedes studies in experimental animal models. SVV infection of non-human primates parallels virological, clinical, pathological and immunological features of human VZV infection, thereby providing an excellent model to study the pathogenesis of varicella and herpes zoster in its natural host. In this review, we discuss recent studies that provided novel insight in both the virus and host factors involved in the three elementary stages of Varicellovirus infection in primates: primary infection, latency and reactivation.
Topics: Animals; Biopsy; Disease Models, Animal; Genotype; Herpesviridae Infections; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Pathology, Molecular; Predictive Value of Tests; Primates; Varicellovirus; Virology; Virulence; Virus Activation; Virus Latency
PubMed: 25255989
DOI: 10.1002/path.4451 -
Atencion Primaria Oct 2023To review the latest published evidence on the vaccine used in our country against the herpes zoster virus, breaking down the results according to the efficacy,... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
OBJECTIVE
To review the latest published evidence on the vaccine used in our country against the herpes zoster virus, breaking down the results according to the efficacy, efficiency, effectiveness and safety of the vaccine. Include the current recommendations for vaccination.
DESIGN
Secondary review. Descriptive qualitative review. Review using the search term "herpes zoster vaccine" and "Adjuvanted recombinant Herpes Zoster subunit vaccine". Retrospective observational study.
DATA SOURCES
Embase, Medline and Google Scholar. Selection of studies Search criterion with the terms "Shingrix vaccine" and "Adjuvanted Herpes Zoster Subunit Vaccine". Search period 2013-2023. Studies classified as clinical trials or randomized clinical trials were selected. 21 published studies were evaluated. There were no exclusions.
RESULTS
The evaluated studies were found to be coherent and in all of them efficacy in adult individuals in preventing viral reactivation and in preventing complications was higher than 80%. The effectiveness of the vaccine after two doses was also higher than 80%. Cost-effectiveness studies were always favourable in adults, immunodepressed patients and individuals with chronic pathology. The safety of the vaccine was evaluated in the pivotal studies and in the post-commercialization studies that were undertaken (although there were few of the latter due to the short period of time studied). The safety profile of the vaccine is very high and in the case of severe adverse effects, their frequency was similar to that of a placebo.
CONCLUSIONS
We have a safe and effective vaccine against the herpes zoster virus that allows us to protect the most vulnerable population groups against this virus.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Herpes Zoster; Herpes Zoster Vaccine; Vaccination; Vaccines, Subunit
PubMed: 37573820
DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2023.102710 -
Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) May 2022In previously healthy subjects, primary varicella presents with a distinctive vesicular rash that is more intense on the trunk and head than on the extremities. However,... (Review)
Review
AIM
In previously healthy subjects, primary varicella presents with a distinctive vesicular rash that is more intense on the trunk and head than on the extremities. However, an atypical presentation may occasionally develop. We aimed at systematically assessing the characteristics of cases affected by atypical primary varicella rash.
METHODS
The United States National Library of Medicine, Excerpta Medica and Web of Science databases were reviewed, without date or language restrictions. Articles were eligible if reporting previously healthy and immunocompetent subjects with a primary varicella rash (i.e., a photo-localised primary varicella or skin inflammation-associated primary varicella).
RESULTS
Thirty-eight reports providing information on 59 cases of atypical primary varicella were identified. Twenty-four cases (median 8.5 years of age, 19 females) were photo-localised and 35 (median 4.8 years of age, 15 females) were associated with pre-existing skin inflammation (including cast occlusion, diaper irritation, operative sites, burns, insect bites, vaccinations or pre-existing skin disease). The skin rash was monomorphic and without a "starry sky" appearance.
CONCLUSION
Primary varicella may have a modified presentation in areas of irritation such as sun exposure or pre-existing inflammation. There is a need for a wider awareness of these modulators of varicella rash.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chickenpox; Exanthema; Female; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans; Inflammation; Skin; Young Adult
PubMed: 35178772
DOI: 10.1111/apa.16300 -
Enfermedades Infecciosas Y... Mar 2021
Topics: Chickenpox; Exanthema; Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans
PubMed: 33008676
DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2020.07.006 -
Journal of Korean Medical Science Mar 2019
Topics: Chickenpox; Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans
PubMed: 30886553
DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e93 -
Nature Communications Mar 2022Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a major etiological agent of swine infectious diseases and is responsible for significant economic losses in the swine industry. Recent data...
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a major etiological agent of swine infectious diseases and is responsible for significant economic losses in the swine industry. Recent data points to human viral encephalitis caused by PRV infection, suggesting that PRV may be able to overcome the species barrier to infect humans. To date, there is no available therapeutic for PRV infection. Here, we report the near-atomic structures of the PRV A-capsid and C-capsid, and illustrate the interaction that occurs between these subunits. We show that the C-capsid portal complex is decorated with capsid-associated tegument complexes. The PRV capsid structure is highly reminiscent of other α-herpesviruses, with some additional structural features of β- and γ-herpesviruses. These results illustrate the structure of the PRV capsid and elucidate the underlying assembly mechanism at the molecular level. This knowledge may be useful for the development of oncolytic agents or specific therapeutics against this arm of the herpesvirus family.
Topics: Animals; Capsid; Capsid Proteins; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Swine; Viral Structures
PubMed: 35318331
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29250-3 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Jun 2021Varicella is a common vaccine-preventable disease that usually presents in children as a mild infection; however, severe complications also occur. The burden of...
Varicella is a common vaccine-preventable disease that usually presents in children as a mild infection; however, severe complications also occur. The burden of varicella is significant in the terms of incidence, complication, and hospitalization rate related to varicella and economic disease burden. Despite the evidence of overall positive effects of varicella vaccination, there are great differences in the implementation of varicella vaccination and in the uptake of the vaccine from country to country. Improving acceptance of varicella vaccination on the national and on the individual level would decrease the burden of the disease on the health of children and on health-care resources. In studies determining factors of parental acceptance of varicella vaccination questions specific for varicella vaccination were highlighted. Addressing these issues with open, evidence based communication is important to improve and maintain the trust of the public in varicella vaccination.
Topics: Chickenpox; Chickenpox Vaccine; Child; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans; Incidence; Vaccination
PubMed: 33326320
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1843337 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2023Primary membranous nephropathy (MN) is a rare autoimmune cause of kidney failure. Observational studies have suggested some relationship between virus infection and...
Primary membranous nephropathy (MN) is a rare autoimmune cause of kidney failure. Observational studies have suggested some relationship between virus infection and primary MN, but the association remains unclear. The current study performed a two‑sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the causal association between varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection (chickenpox and shingles) and primary MN using genome‑wide association studies (GWASs) summary statistics. The exposure datasets containing chickenpox and shingles were obtained from the GWASs conducted by the 23andMe cohort. And summary-level statistics for primary MN were used as the outcome dataset, comprising 2150 cases and 5829 controls from European Ancestry. The inverse variance weighted method was adopted as the main analysis. As a result, we found that both genetically determined chickenpox (odds ratio [95% confidential interval] = 3.61 [1.74-7.50], p = 5.59e-04) and shingles (p = 7.95e-03, odds ratio [95% confidential interval] = 2.49 [1.27-4.91]) were causally associated with an increased risk of developing primary MN. In conclusion, our MR findings provided novel genetic evidence supporting the causal effect of VZV infection on primary MN. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms mediating the causal association.
Topics: Humans; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Chickenpox; Genome-Wide Association Study; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Glomerulonephritis, Membranous; Herpes Zoster
PubMed: 37932291
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46517-x -
BMC Genomics Nov 2017The varicelloviruses comprise a genus within the alphaherpesvirus subfamily, and infect both humans and other mammals. Recently, next-generation sequencing has been used...
BACKGROUND
The varicelloviruses comprise a genus within the alphaherpesvirus subfamily, and infect both humans and other mammals. Recently, next-generation sequencing has been used to generate genomic sequences of several members of the Varicellovirus genus. Here, currently available varicellovirus genomic sequences were used for phylogenetic, recombination, and genetic distance analysis.
RESULTS
A phylogenetic network including genomic sequences of individual species, was generated and suggested a potential restriction between the ungulate and non-ungulate viruses. Intraspecies genetic distances were higher in the ungulate viruses (pseudorabies virus (SuHV-1) 1.65%, bovine herpes virus type 1 (BHV-1) 0.81%, equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) 0.79%, equine herpes virus type 4 (EHV-4) 0.16%) than non-ungulate viruses (feline herpes virus type 1 (FHV-1) 0.0089%, canine herpes virus type 1 (CHV-1) 0.005%, varicella-zoster virus (VZV) 0.136%). The G + C content of the ungulate viruses was also higher (SuHV-1 73.6%, BHV-1 72.6%, EHV-1 56.6%, EHV-4 50.5%) compared to the non-ungulate viruses (FHV-1 45.8%, CHV-1 31.6%, VZV 45.8%), which suggests a possible link between G + C content and intraspecies genetic diversity. Varicellovirus clade nomenclature is variable across different species, and we propose a standardization based on genomic genetic distance. A recent study reported no recombination between sequenced FHV-1 strains, however in the present study, both splitstree, bootscan, and PHI analysis indicated recombination. We also found that the recently sequenced Brazilian CHV-1 strain BTU-1 may contain a genetic signal in the UL50 gene from an unknown varicellovirus.
CONCLUSION
Together, the data contribute to a greater understanding of varicellovirus genomics, and we also suggest a new clade nomenclature scheme based on genetic distances.
Topics: Base Composition; Codon; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Herpesvirus 1, Equid; Herpesvirus 4, Equid; Mutation; Phylogeny; Recombination, Genetic; Varicellovirus
PubMed: 29157201
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4283-4 -
Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Oct 2023This study investigated the proteomic characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with varicella zoster virus (VZV) meningitis to understanding the... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This study investigated the proteomic characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with varicella zoster virus (VZV) meningitis to understanding the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) infection by reactivated VZV.
METHOD
We used data-independent acquisition model to analyze the CSF proteomic differences of 28 patients with VZV meningitis and 11 herpes zoster (HZ) patients. According to the clinical manifestations at discharge, 28 VZV meningitis patients were divided into favorable outcome group and unfavorable outcome (UO) group and their differences in CSF proteome were also analyzed.
RESULTS
Compared with the HZ group, the proteins (CXCL10, ELANE, IL-1RN, MPO, PRTN3, etc.) related to inflammation and immune cell activation were significantly upregulated in the VZV meningitis group (p < .01). The protein related to the nerve function and energy metabolism (CKMT1B, SLITRK3, Synaptotagmin-3, KIF5B, etc.) were significantly downregulated (p < .05). The levels of a pro-inflammatory factor, IL-18, in CSF were significantly higher in patients in the UO group as compared to patients with favorable prognosis (p < .05).
CONCLUSION
Inflammatory immune response is an important pathophysiological mechanism of CNS infection by VZV, and the CSF IL-18 levels might be a potential prognostic indicator of the outcomes of VZV meningitis.
Topics: Humans; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Interleukin-18; Proteomics; Herpes Zoster; Meningitis; Proteins
PubMed: 37904697
DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1038